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IP infringement

2020-08-04T14:08:05Z

Liege: /* Third party designs in official products and marketing */

{{disambig2|unlicensed toys based on ''Transformers''|third parties that produce actual ''Transformers'' products under license|Third party}}

The many and varied facets of the [[Transformers brand|''Transformers'' brand]] are the intellectual property (IP) of [[Hasbro]] and [[TakaraTomy]], and their ownership of these ideas and designs is [[Copyright|protected by law]]. Alas, some rascally elements have, over the years, decided they'd like a slice of that pie, which has led to the creation of what have been described as '''IP infringing items''' by employees of former Hasbro licensee [[Fun Publications]].

{{bigquote|Theft of IP like this is staggering, develop your own characters and designs!|[[Aaron Archer]], former [[Hasbro]] employee<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510214929/https://aaron-archer-art.tumblr.com/post/88471654165/aeonmagnus-fans-toys-ft-03-scoria-gallery Aaron Archer on Tumblr]</ref><ref>Archer would later do design work for a not-[[Octopunch (G1)|Octopunch]] figure for an abortive Kickstarter project. TFWiki.net leaves you to make of this what you will.</ref>}}

==Kinds of IP theft==
Technically, any use of Hasbro and Takara's ''Transformers'' names, characters, and concepts without obtaining a license could be considered IP theft. Things such as fan art and fan fiction, however, are rarely considered problematic, being as they are not intended to generate profit or are otherwise one-off works. In fact, in the past Hasbro has laid out guidelines to fan-artists and similar creators wishing to make and sell art and crafts based on ''Transformers'', which basically boiled down to being careful how one "branded" it (or, in practice, ''didn't'' brand it by just avoiding the use of brand names and some minor semantics).

When things get dicey —and the license-holders get tetchy— is when IP theft occurs on a grander, and more organised scale.

===Knockoffs===
[[File:DOTM.MIRAGEKO.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Automatons in Concealment]]
{{main|Knockoff}}
In the context of ''Transformers'', [[knockoff]] is often used to describe both low-budget/quality toys, the kind of off-color, oversized/undersized thing that one might come across in a "dollar store" cranked out by the bajillions from China, and higher-quality toys that actually attempt to pass themselves off as genuine Hasbro or Takara products. Knockoffs that are direct replicas of existing Hasbro toys are very obviously the result of theft – in that case, it is the precise design and engineering for the toy that has been stolen. However, it is not unheard of for manufacturers to create their own cheap toys in the image of ''Transformers'' characters, and these still constitute IP theft – Optimus Prime the Character is as much Hasbro's property as Optimus Prime the Specific Toy.

Conversely, a toy that copies the engineering (i.e. [[transformation]]) of an existing Hasbro/Takara product but is changed enough as to not resemble an existing character protected by copyright might not necessarily constitute IP theft: Functionality is protected by patents, and patent protection legally expires after 20 years. This is why you occasionally see off-brand toys that work just like the [[Jumpstarter]]s but look nothing like [[Topspin (G1)|Topspin]] or [[Twin Twist]].
{{--}}

==="Third party" toys===
[[File:MechaformNotJetfire.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|I Can't Believe It's Not Jetfire!]]
In the late 2000s, spurred on by the ''Transformers'' nostalgia boom invoked by the [[live-action film series]], a new phenomenon arose—unlicensed products based on ''Transformers'' aimed at the adult collector market. The very earliest examples of this kind of product were accessories and then "upgrades" for existing Hasbro toys, such as a trailer/armor set for ''[[Transformers: Classics|Classics]]'' [[Ultra Magnus (G1)|Ultra Magnus]], but the market quickly grew to include standalone action figures based on ''Transformers'' characters. The number of groups producing these figures has ballooned rapidly, to the point that two or even three separate companies will be simultaneously releasing toys of the same characters. Popular market trends have included [[combiner]]s and, more recently, faux-''[[The Transformers: Masterpiece|Masterpiece]]'' figures.

The [[fandom]]'s generally recognized name for these kinds of figures is "third party Transformers", although this is ultimately a misnomer for the plain reason that they are not actual ''Transformers'' products. (This terminology makes more sense in light of their history, as the initial accessories, add-ons and "upgrade" kits can still somewhat be considered "third party" products, and the term, once established among the fandom, was simply never adjusted when standalone figures became the main focus of such offerings.) Obviously, these should not be confused with the actual [[Third party|third parties]] who produce ''Transformers'' merchandise under license from Hasbro or Takara. In (very half-hearted) attempts to dissuade the notion that they are pinching ''Transformers'' characters, "third party" toy manufacturers typically avoid using [[Insignia|faction symbols]] (although sometimes including molded spaces for the buyer to apply their own), and give their figures alternative names that attempt to capture the sound and/or spirit of the [[trademark]]ed originals, with varying degrees of bizarreness. A toy intended to look like [[Starscream (disambiguation)|Starscream]] might, for example, wind up named "Stellaryell". Initially, fans would often avoid confusion by referring to these figures as "not" versions of the characters they were based on (for example, "Not-Starscream"), though as the market has grown that terminology has been mostly abandoned since there's liable to be multiple different Not-Starscreams.

After many years of these products, name overlaps are bound to happen; for example, different companies have figures alternatively based on [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Grimlock (G1)|Grimlock]] that are both named "Rager". Even more hilariously (though not really surprising), there are even ''knockoffs'' of "third party" toys! Let's see ''them'' duke out their IP conflicts in court.

Desire for those toys arises for various reasons—wanting a toy of a toyless character, wanting a collection with consistent scale, and desiring different visuals (be it show-accuracy or more unique takes on characters) are among those reasons.

For reasons that should, again, be obvious, TFWiki considers "third party" toys unrelated to its goal of documenting the ''Transformers'' brand, beyond examples where they have influenced official product.

====Types of "third party" toys====
Note: The following terms are descriptors rather than actual official terms since, well, they're clearly not official products.

* Accessories: these are generally items that are designed to interact with official product, but involve no modification to said official product. These are most often weapons (e.g. the [[Star Saber (Prima)|Star Saber]] and [[Dark Star Saber]] from ''Transformers: Prime''), but may also include [[:Category:MacGuffins|MacGuffins]] like the [[AllSpark Matrix]] or even characters like notable humans such as [[Sari Sumdac (Animated)|Sari]] and [[Isaac Sumdac (Animated)|Isaac Sumdac]].
* Add-ons: these are items that are designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance. However, said modification takes advantage of preexisting tabs, slots, posts and so on, thus requiring no actual modification of the official product. An example would be panels designed to fill in the gaps in the thighs of [[Optimus Prime (G1)/toys#Titans Return|''Titans Return'' Powermaster Optimus Prime]], which slot in snugly into the gaps.
* Upgrade kits: these are items designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance, but require some sort of actual modification to the official product. This can be as simple as popping off and swapping a limb on ball joints, to more comprehensive modifications like partial disassembly and replacing of parts. A kit that allows someone to switch the head of ''Classics'' Bumblebee to create a ''Classics''-styled Goldbug or giving ''G1'' Ironhide and Ratchet actual heads would be an example of this.
* Full figures: as mentioned above, these are generally what is meant when references are made to "third party Transformers". These are standalone fully transformable figures clearly based on and meant to evoke actual Transformers characters. One of the earliest and most (in)famous examples was a triple-changing Not-Springer which became wildly popular because official Springer toys of that time transformed into either a land vehicle or an air vehicle, but not both.

Again, these are descriptors, partially because there is a lot of overlap. For example, would a replacement head for a reissue G1 Bruticus that comes with light up LED eyes be considered an upgrade kit (since it replaces the original head) or an add-on (since it makes use of the post hole already intended for the original head)? Would hands and feet for a ''Combiner Wars'' Combiner that also transform into weapons for the component bots fall under accessories (as they're weapons) or upgrade kits (since they replace the original hands and feet) or add-ons (since they slot into preexisting ports)? And what about stickers that can change, for example, [[Prowl (G1)/toys#War for Cybertron: Siege|''Siege'' Prowl]] into an approximation of an [[Autotrooper (disambiguation)|Autotrooper]]?
{{--}}

===Doujinshi===
Generally understood to mean fan-comics, doujinshi (同人誌) are a uniquely Japanese occurrence. Japan has a very healthy culture of fan groups who make their own manga, many of them starring original characters but a huge portion starring characters owned by companies (for a ''Transformers'' example, imagine a gag manga where [[Deathsaurus (Victory)|Deathsaurus]] is portrayed as a little child and being raised by [[Megatron (G1)|Megatron]] and the other Decepticons to be the mighty [[Emperor of Destruction]] he is in [[Fight!_Super_Robot_Lifeform_Transformers:_Victory_(franchise)|''Transformers Victory'']]. Hijinks ensue). This would of course never fly in a litigious society like the US, but in Japan doujinshi exist in a strange gray area. <ref>[https://www.tofugu.com/japan/doujinshi-definition/ A page explaining doujinshi and why they're tolerated in Japan]</ref>

Basically, the difference between what would be understood as a fan-comic in the West and a doujinshi in Japan is that in the West (especially the US) while a company might turn a blind eye to someone making fan-comics for fun (e.g. on a site like DeviantArt), they would come down on them if they tried to put those same fan comics up for sale. [[Hasbro]] might allow (or at least ignore) people selling fanart and fan-comics at a proper ''Transformers'' convention like [[BotCon]], but might be much less forgiving if those same people tried to sell those items at, say, a general science fiction convention. Meanwhile in Japan, there are various conventions where doujinshi are actually the key focus, such as the famous Comiket. A ''Transformers'' doujinshi might be sold at a ''Transformers''-related convention, but might also appear at, say, a mecha-related convention or a general science fiction-related convention (since the Transformers would fall under a mecha or science fiction category).

Long story short, [[TakaraTomy]] could complain and shut groups making doujinshi down any time they wanted, but like many Japanese companies it appears that it simply isn't worth the hassle. People who make doujinshi are often the most hardcore of fans, and so alienating them isn't something most companies are eager to do. In addition, any victory would simply not be worth the resulting bad press, since fan groups are not exactly swimming in cash and while doujinshi are put up for sale, a lot of groups seem to just do it for love of the art or love of the series. It should also be mentioned that many big names in manga got their starts or honed their skills in doujinshi circles, and it isn't impossible for a company to want to recruit some of these up-and-coming talents.

It, er, probably should be pointed out that some doujinshi are very, very NSFW.

{{--}}

==Hasbro and IP theft==
===Remarks and actions===
Official statements from Hasbro on "third party" toys are few and far between. In one response, provided as part of the company's now-defunct fansite Q&A program, they noted the illegal nature of the figures, and remarked that this kind of IP theft was unfair to legitimate licensees who pay to produce ''Transformers'' merchandise.<ref>[http://www.tfviews.com/news/main/hasbro-q-and-a/499 TFviews Hasbro Q&A, August 2009]</ref>

In 2015, Hasbro's UK branch distributed an online survey of the collecting habits of ''Transformers'' fans to coincide with the Auto Assembly unofficial convention, which included a surprising number of questions regarding "third party" products. In a bit of an embarrassing ''faux pas'', a Hasbro representative present at the convention itself also addressed a [[Vos (DJD)|Vos]] cosplayer as "Cynicus", the name of an unofficial figure of that character.<ref>[http://waspshot23.tumblr.com/post/127569311096/ok-so waspshot23 on Tumblr]</ref>

To date, there have been no known instances of Hasbro pursuing actual legal action against the manufacturers of "third party" toys. While such unofficial toys were banned from being sold at the dealer room at [[BotCon 2012]],<ref>This mandate initially encompassed fan art too, but this was quickly relaxed.</ref> [[BotCon 2015|2015]] and [[BotCon 2016|2016]], they generally seem to adopt a "laissez-faire" approach to such toys; while they don't officially condone such material, they're happy to allow it to exist as long as it isn't impacting Hasbro's bottom line. A noted exception was an unofficial toy of [[Unicron]], announced during the [[HasLab]] campaign for [[Unicron/toys#War for Cybertron|''War for Cybertron'' Unicron]], seemingly intended to directly undercut Hasbro's big-ticket crowdfunded toy; evidently and understandably unhappy with his, Hasbro apparently intervened to have all posts about the pretender to the throne taken down from social media. <ref>[https://www.seibertron.com/transformers/news/3rd-party-not-unicron-apparently-removed-by-hasbro/43937/ 3rd Party (Not) Unicron Apparently Removed by Hasbro] at Seibertron</ref>

===Third party designs in official products and marketing===
[[File:MTMTE18 cvrB.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|IP untheft?]]
In recent years, there have been occasions where "third party" figure designs have slipped into official media. One cover for [[Remain in Light 2 of 5: House of Ambus|''More than Meets the Eye'' #18]] saw [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Gears (G1)|Gears]] drawn based on unofficial figures "Rager" and "Cogz" (do you see what we meant about the names?). Hasbro and [[IDW Publishing|IDW]] did not comment on this, although it seems likely that somebody somewhere might've gotten a slap on the wrist.

Meanwhile, ''official'' third party licensee [[Imaginarium Art]]'s statues of [[Hot Rod (G1)|Rodimus Prime]] and [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] seem to be based on the unofficial figures "Carry" and "Green Giant", with [http://imaginarium-art.com/project_news.php Rodimus Prime] featuring detailing on his forearms otherwise unique to Carry and [https://www.facebook.com/imaginarium.hobby/posts/575739045925230 Devastator] having kneepads only found on Giant. One has to assume Hasbro wasn't looking too closely, or were understandably unaware of those figures, when they signed off on these.

In what was presumably an innocent mistake that resulted from the use of a fan's personal collection, a slide shown at the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during [[Toy Fair 2016]] that represented Transformers "Spanning Generations" featured a photograph of a father and son surrounded by a variety of ''Masterpiece'' toys... and the "third party" [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] "Green Giant".<ref name="toyfair16">[http://news.tfw2005.com/2016/02/12/tfw2005-coverage-hasbro-toy-fair-2016-investor-press-event-309206 Slides from the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during Toy Fair 2016].</ref> Oops!

Although stylized, the ''[[Transformers: Earth Wars]]'' models for the Predacons are recognizably based upon the "Feralcons" (remember what we were saying?), one of the three notable sets of "third party" Predacons. It even leaked into their combined mode. Meanwhile, [[Motormaster (G1)#Transformers: Earth Wars|Motormaster]] is modeled on the TransFormMission "Powertrain" interpretation of Motormaster's design from IDW's [[The Transformers (IDW)|2009-2011 ongoing series]].

Similarly, ''Earth Wars'' and the ''[[Transformers: Power of the Primes (cartoon)|Power of the Primes]]'' cartoon feature models for the [[Dinobot (G1)|Dinobots]] based on the Fanstoys' "Iron Dibots" figures, rather than those from the concurrent [[Power of the Primes (toyline)|toyline]].

In an odd occurrence for a game almost exclusively using screen models and recent toys, [[Jazz (G1)#Transformers: Forged to Fight|Jazz]] in ''[[Transformers: Forged to Fight]]'' is directly modeled on ToyWorld's "Coolsville" figure.

[[Crucible (Part 1): A Dance Before Dying|''Lost Light'' #19]] shows [[Hot Rod (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Rodimus]] and [[Drift (G1)|Drift]] in alt-modes based directly on the Mastermind Creations "Calidus" and "Stray" figures.

IDW's design for [[Roller (IDW)]] also appears to be based on Fansproject Steel Core.

An [[Industrial Light & Magic|ILM]] design presentation about the 2018 ''[[Bumblebee (film)|Bumblebee]]'' movie used an image of Fans Toys "Rouge" as a [[Arcee (G1)|Generation 1 Arcee]] design reference for [[Arcee (Movie)|''Bumblebee'' Arcee]].<ref>[https://www.ilm.com/visual_development/bumblebee-developing-an-epic-set-piece/ Bumblebee: Developing an Epic Set Piece - ILM San Francisco]</ref>

===Hasbro's own copyright dodging===
[[File:CYB sonic bomber originalsculpt.jpg|right|upright=0.85|thumb|First party problems.]]
Despite Hasbro's own (completely understandable) aversion against people making a profit off their IP without permission, it's not like Hasbro is entirely innocent in this regard: In fact, the ''Transformers'' toys' [[alternate mode]]s being unlicensed reproductions of real-world vehicles and aircraft goes back all the way to the very first ''[[The Transformers (toyline)|Transformers]]'' toys.

While the whole market situation was still very different back in the 1980s, and car manufacturers apparently didn't start properly enforcing their intellectual properties in the field of toys and merchandise until the early 2000s, ''Transformers'' toys with [[licensed vehicle alternate modes]] are still the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of [[popular Earth vehicle alternate modes]] are still unlicensed approximations of their real-life inspirations, basically "[[Sunstreaker (G1)/toys|not-Lamborghinis]]" or "[[Powerglide (G1)/toys|not-A-10s]]", with a few details altered to avoid a lawsuit — though this wasn't enough in [[Side Burn (RID)#Toys|one notable case]]. [[Downshift (Energon)#Cybertron|Some]] [[Windcharger (G1)#Transformers (2010)|examples]] are a little more creative, meshing together two or more real-life inspirations to create a genuine "hybrid" design, but most are just barely altered and instantly recognizable for what they are supposed to represent. While the target audience is obviously a different one (most people who buy a Hasbro Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character, not because they want a Lamborghini for their toy car collection; however, most, if not all, people who buy a "third party" version of Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character), it's worth noting for being illustrative of the gray area involved.

Less of a gray area appears to be the case of the ''[[Transformers: Generation 2 (toyline)|Generation 2]]'' [[Go-Bot (G2)|Go-Bot]] [[High Beam#Generation 2|High Beam]] (released in 1995), though: Its alternate mode looks plain ''identical'' to a vehicle from Mattel's ''Hot Wheels'' line that was first released in 1991 under the names "Back Burner" and "Sonic Special", but would eventually become more well-known in 1995 under the name "[[Wikia:hotwheels:Speed Blaster|Speed Blaster]]". Unless both toys were based on the same obscure real-life concept car that has since been ''completely'' forgotten by history, that would be a ''very'' blatant case of Hasbro ''literally'' copying one of its competitor's toys and just making it transform.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fan terminology]]
[[Category:Toys]]

Roller (IDW)

2020-08-04T14:05:30Z

Liege: Undo revision 1434484 by Cyberlink420 (talk)

{{factions|autobot|unicron}}
{{disambig3.5|the pre-war policeman Autobot|G1 Optimus Prime's drone unit|Roller (G1)|Roller}}
:''Roller is a [[Transformer]] from the [[2005 IDW continuity|2005 IDW portion]] of the [[Generation 1 continuity family|Generation 1]] [[continuity family]].''

[[File:MTMTE36cover-Roller.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|Juice Box Hero.]]
'''Roller''' was a good friend to [[Optimus Prime (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Orion Pax]] and [[Ratchet (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Ratchet]] in the pre-war days. He served alongside Pax in the police force until... ''something'' happened to him.

He's known for being one chatty chappy! Despite his friendly nature and his incredible strength (he's one of the mighty [[Point One Percenter]]s), he's not that confident in his abilities. He'll focus on what others can do that he ''can't'', rather than what he can.

==Fiction==
===2005 IDW continuity===
{{first|[[Shadowplay, Part 1: Post Hoc|''More than Meets the Eye'' #9]] (mentioned); [[Shadowplay, Part 2: Patternism|#10]] (on-panel)}}

[[File:Shadowplay Roller feet up.jpg|upright=1.95|thumb|left|Ehhh, I'll do it later.]]
Roller was one of Orion Pax's fellow officers at [[Rodion]], a gifted investigator and a trusted ally with a fondness for TV. {{storylink|Shadowplay, Part 2: Patternism|Patternism}} Roller was on secondment at [[Tesk]] when his fellow officers [[Springarm]] and [[Wheelarch]] were killed by [[Kroma]] and the [[Senate]]'s thugs. {{storylink|The Everlasting Voices (1): Metastasis|Metastasis}}

Following Orion's defeat of [[Sonic (G1)|Sonic]] and [[Boom]] in the [[Dead End (place)|Dead End]], he had Roller send in a containment trailer to arrest them. {{storylink|Shadowplay, Part 1: Post Hoc|Post Hoc}} Roller later helped Orion by locating the [[Relinquishment Clinic]] closest to his location and bringing [[Shockwave (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Senator Shockwave]] into protective custody. {{storylink|Shadowplay, Part 2: Patternism|Patternism}}

He was a bit worried about Orion's attachment to Shockwave, having investigated the Senator and found that he had befriended and modified other people besides him, but only got Orion angry at him by sharing this information. Roller remained at the police station to protect Shockwave while Orion was breaking into the [[Primal Basilica]], but was defeated by [[Kroma]]'s cronies when they broke into the place in search for the Senator. Orion tried to save them both, but Kroma convinced Shockwave to surrender himself by holding Roller hostage.

Ratchet recalled these events as "the last time the three of us [himself, Pax and Roller] were together" {{storylink|Shadowplay (Conclusion): An Intimate Beheading|An Intimate Beheading}} as Pax, Roller, and the Outliers had to go on the run after that and Ratchet remained behind to look after his patients. {{storylink|Elegant Chaos Part 1: All Our Parlous Yesterdays|All Our Parlous Yesterdays}} The last conversation the two would have would be Roller mentioning they'd find it hard to stay in touch and Ratchet, unable to bring himself to say goodbye, making noncommittal noises. {{storylink|Our Steps Will Always Rhyme}}

The fugitives would find themselves constantly fighting [[Sentinel Prime (G1)|Sentinel Prime's]] [[Elite Guard]]. The incredible abilities of the outliers made Roller feel useless, despite his considerable power: he knew Orion Pax kept him on the team because they were friends and didn't think that was enough. To give himself an edge, he began taking the [[circuit speeder]] C32.

[[File:AllOurParlousYesterdays-Roller.jpg|upright=1.8|thumb|RECTANGLE CAR NYOOOOOOM]]
In 1st cycle 502, Roller and the gang were fighting to protect a [[reproduction|spark hot spot]] in [[Alyon]] from being taken or exterminated by Sentinel. They were joined by members of the ''[[Lost Light]]'' crew [[time travel|of four million years later]], who claimed that [[Zeta Prime (G1)|Zeta]] had sent them to help. From this group, [[Rung (G1)|Rung]] tested Roller's carton of [[Kremzeek]] and realised it contained C32, questioning about his habit. Roller admitted to his insecurity, saying "not everyone is born special"—even though, as Rung noted, he ''had'' been. In the final battle to save the sparks, as the Elite Guard bombarded them, Roller refused to let Orion Pax risk his life to harvest sparks and did it himself, saying he needed this. Roller was badly wounded in the process, driving Pax to a rage.

[[File:DoNotGoGentle CenseresavesRoller.jpg|upright=1.0|thumb|left|Dude, circuit speeders give you one hell of a hangover...]]
Roller was missing in the aftermath of the battle, and Pax ordered his crew to look for him. Unfortunately, after the visitors [[Mnemosurgery|altered the short term memories]] of Pax's crew, everyone forgot he was missing... {{storylink|Elegant Chaos Part 1: All Our Parlous Yesterdays|All Our Parlous Yesterdays}}

...so it was handy for him a different time traveler, [[Mortilus|Censere]], had brought him to the future as part of his mission to save Cybertronians on his list of the [[Disappeared]]! As travel using a single [[time case]] was hazardous, Roller was placed in stasis within the [[Necroworld]], millions of years later, and disguised with holograms to appear as an organic being. {{storylink|The Dying of the Light Part 6: Do Not Go Gentle|Do Not Go Gentle}} Unaware of this, Optimus would name his [[Roller (G1)|drone module]] after his old friend.

Many years later, ''a'' Roller was considered for an exploring mission that went to [[Wheelie (G1)|Wheelie]]. Better hope they didn't think a presumed dead guy was better than you, Wheelie! {{storylink|Spotlight: Wheelie}}

During [[Team Rodimus]]'s battle with the [[Decepticon Justice Division]] on the Necroworld, a groggy Roller woke up with his fellow rescuees to find himself in a weird place with a [[Velocity (G1)|green stranger]] and an emotional Ratchet hugging him. He'd also found the time case, and watched quietly as a long-running drama involving Megatron played out in front of him. Afterwards one such stranger, Velocity, introduced herself to him {{storylink|The Dying of the Light Part 6: Do Not Go Gentle|Do Not Go Gentle}} and [[Rewind (G1)|Rewind]] began to introduce him to others the next day. One other, [[Tailgate (G1)|titchy tiny Tailgate]], amused him by picking him up and carrying him around.

[[File:Anomie Roller and Rewind chat.jpg|upright=1.0|thumb|In English, please?]]
Poor Roller got drafted into "Team Rodimus" and brought on an experimental quantum <s>leap</s> warp back to Cybertron. He proudly confirmed with GPS they were in Central [[Iacon (polity)|Iacon]], only for them to learn they'd accidentally crossed to the Cybertron of [[Functionist Universe|a parallel universe]]! {{storylink|Dissolution Part 1: Some Other Cybertron|Some Other Cybertron}} To his confusion, everyone ''but'' him seemed to know what was up with this universe and Rewind's answer was no help. A team of rebels, the [[Anti-Vocationist League]], showed up to free them but, as a dismayed Roller said, they were ''rubbish''. When [[Hot Rod (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Rodimus]] decided they should break free and help, Roller took commands from Megatron on the best way to take out [[functionary|functionaries]]. {{storylink|Dissolution Part 2: Anomie|Anomie}} Along with everyone else, he witnessed [[Kalis|the sanctuary of Adaptica]], the fake-out of Rung's alternate mode, {{storylink|Dissolution Part 3: A World Misplaced|A World Misplaced}} and the arrival of a battle-prepped [[Moonbase Two|Luna 2]] come to devour said sanctuary (Embarrassingly, the last one after he congratulated the locals for getting their moon back). {{storylink|Dissolution Part 4: Bad Moon Rising|Bad Moon Rising}}

While defending Adaptica alongside Megatron, Roller told him he reminded him of his good friend Orion Pax, hey, I think you met him once. The two of them discussed where Pax must be in this world and Roller, dismayed, had to admit that all signs pointed to dead or missing; certainly, he wasn't picking up when Roller called his personal frequency. As Luna 2 began to erase the city, Roller was sent to order an evacuation of the defence force. {{storylink|Dissolution Part 5: Modes of Production|Modes of Production}} Roller and the others use the weaponized Luna 2 to teleport back to Necroworld, where Brainstorm had prepared the means to return them to their proper reality. {{storylink|Dissolution Part 6: This Machine Kills Fascists|This Machine Kills Fascists}} Roller joined the former crew of the ''Lost Light'' as they prepared to continue their quest by modifying a dead Decepticon named [[Skip]] into a workable space craft. {{storylink|After Megatron (A Dissolution Epilogue)|After Megatron}}

Skip was a tight fit for all of Rodimus's crew, particularly a Heavyweight-class like Roller. He tried to stretch out and sleep in vehicle mode, only for Rewind and [[Chromedome (G1)|Chromedome]] to sneak inside for...canoodling. Things got mildly worse when the mass displacement override shut down and the ship began shrinking, ultimately killing everyone on board. {{storylink|Sardines}}

[[File:Metastasis RollerAndSpringarm.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|left|]]
So, after they died, Roller and the group found themselves in the [[Transformer afterlife|Afterspark]]. As you do. Roller was delighted to reconnect with [[Springarm]], a fellow officer from Rodion who died over four million years ago. Roller had always felt guilty about not being around when [[Kroma]] attacked the precinct, killing Springarm and [[Wheelarch]] and leaving Orion Pax to fend for himself. But Springarm forgave him, bringing Roller a step closer towards accepting ascension into the Matrix. {{storylink|The Everlasting Voices (1): Metastasis|Metastasis}} It was eventually discovered that the Afterspark was not what it seemed, however. They were actually on [[Cyberutopia]], in fact a euthanasia clinic of a world designed to guide the terminally ill into peacefully accepting death. Their friends and loved ones were holomatter-based projections, which soon faded away. {{storylink|The Everlasting Voices (3): You Are Here|You Are Here}}

Things only got worse when Roller and company were attacked by the crew of the ''Lost Light'', reduced to feral [[Sparkeater (creature)|Sparkeaters]] by [[Getaway]] and [[Scorponok (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Scorponok]] on behalf of a mysterious figure called the [[Adaptus|Grand Architect]]. Roller joined an assault team that entered the ''Lost Light'' to defeat their adversaries. {{storylink|Crucible (Part 1): A Dance Before Dying|A Dance Before Dying}} They were forced into battling Red [[Scraplet]]s in the oil reservoir, but fortunately survived thanks to Whirl's affinity to the creatures. {{storylink|Crucible (Part 2): Lūstrāre|Lūstrāre}} After Getaway was killed and Scorponok seen off, the entire cast regrouped aboard the ''Lost Light'' before being captured by the Grand Architect. {{storylink|Crucible (Part 3): Farsickness|Farsickness}}

[[File:LL 24 Four Matrices.jpg|upright=2.0|thumb|right|Roller happy at last :)]]
He was with everyone else when the [[Functionist Council]]'s false effigy of [[Primus]] entered the universe through the rift in space {{storylink|Crucible (Part 4): The Return of the King|The Return of the King}} and watched over [[Flame (Marvel)|Flame]] to make sure he didn't try something funky. {{storylink|Crucible (Part 5): The Unremembering|The Unremembering}} Together with Chromedome and Rewind, Roller was dispatched to [[Port Residua]] to open a [[Matrix of Leadership|Matrix]] and help shut down the Functionist Council. {{storylink|Crucible (Part 6): A Spark Among Embers|A Spark Among Embers}} He later went along on the ''Lost Light'''s final "lap of honor", sucking on two juice boxes at once and wondering why they still couldn't use the vessel after the [[Quantum generator|quantum engines]] were removed. With the dismantling of the ship imminent, Roller attended a farewell party at [[Swerve's]] and flirted with a receptive [[Nickel]], admiring her wheels. The ''Lost Light'' was torn apart and recycled, but in an alternate universe a quantum duplication of it and its crew- Roller included, continued onward to new adventures. {{storylink|How To Say Goodbye And Mean It: Part 2}}

===''Unite Warriors''===
{{main|Roller (G1)#Japanese cartoon continuity}}
{{note|In [[Japanese Generation 1 cartoon continuity|Japanese Generation 1 continuity]], Roller the full-size Transformer and Roller the buggy drone are one and the same individual. For full details of Roller's exploits in that continuity, see the above-linked article.}}

[[File:RollerNewBody-GrandGalvatronChapter.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|[[Unicron|He]] saw me wanderin', hatin'.]]
Roller was [[Optimus Prime (G1)/Generation 1 cartoon continuity|Optimus Prime]]'s long-time partner until the Autobot leader's death in the [[Battle of Autobot City]], which left an unfortunate Roller stranded between dimensions. Over time, his memories faded, until all that remained was an implacable desire to visit revenge upon Optimus Prime. Eventually, Roller was plucked back into his home dimension in a new humanoid body by [[Unicron]], who sought vengeful warriors to serve as components of the "[[Grand Galvatron]]" combiner.

Grand Galvatron proceeded to attack Cybertron, and after the combiner was forcibly separated, Roller was nearly able to prevent the resurrection of Optimus Prime. However, in the battle against Unicron that followed, Roller decided to put aside his anger and fight alongside his old partner. After helping form Grand Galvatron for an all-out assault on Unicron, Roller then served as an arm with which [[Optimus Maximus (G1)|Optimus Maximus]] landed the final blow against the Chaos Bringer.

In the battle's aftermath, Roller's memories returned and his anger disappeared, but he soon learned that Optimus's new lease on life would last just seven days. When his old partner passed away again, Roller volunteered to watch over his remains until Prime could be revived once more, so that they would never again have to part ways. After a decade-long vigil, Optimus Prime's body was abducted under Roller's watch, prompting him to join the [[Battlestars]] to track it down. Roller subsequently sacrificed his life in battle to ensure his friend's remains were recovered, and although his humanoid body was destroyed, the faithful Autobot was subsequently resurrected alongside Optimus Prime, sporting a new Microcarrier form.
{{--}}

==Toys==
===Generations===
[[File:TTGenerationsTG24OptimusRoller.jpg|thumb|upright=1.66|The other Roller. No, the ''other'' other Roller.]]
*'''Optimus Prime & Bumblebee''' (Multi-pack, 2013-[[September 28|09-28]])
**''Japanese ID number:'' '''TG24'''
**''Accessories'': Ion Blaster
:The Japanese release of ''Generations'' Legends Class [[Roller (G1)#Generations|Roller]] redecoes him in metallic blue. He comes in a [[TakaraTomy]] four-pack with [[Optimus Prime (G1)/toys#OPandBee|Optimus Prime]], as well as [[Bumblebee (G1)/toys#OPandBee|Bumblebee]] and [[Blaze Master#OPandBee|Blazemaster]]. Though he isn't designed to look like IDW Roller, his bio describes him as a partner of Orion Pax in the Cybertron police force, so...
{{-}}

===Unite Warriors===
[[File:TF-Unite-Warriors-UW06-Roller.jpg|upright=1.66|thumb|Comic-accuracy? Never heard of it.]]
*'''Grand Galvatron''' ([[2016]]-[[April 30|04-30]])
**''ID number:'' '''UW-06'''
:A [[redeco]] of ''[[Combiner Wars (toyline)|Combiner Wars]]'' [[Rook (Generations)#Generations|Rook]] (the first release of this mold in Japan), "Wandering Roller" features a color scheme based on his appearance in IDW comics. His vehicle mode, meanwhile, homages the original [[Roller (G1)|Roller]].

:As a Deluxe Class ''Combiner Wars'' mold, he can combine to form the leg or arm of any combiner from ''Combiner Wars'' or ''Unite Warriors'' combiner, but is usually associated with Grand Galvatron, as mentioned above.

:He was released as part of a Grand Galvatron giftset along with [[Cyclonus (G1)/toys#Unite Warriors|Tactician Cyclonus]], [[Starscream (G1)/toys#Unite Warriors|Ghost Starscream]], [[Thrust (Armada)#Unite Warriors 2|Curse Armada Thrust]], and [[Breakdown (WFC)#Unite Warriors 2|Zombie War Breakdown]].
{{CWRookMold}}
{{--}}

==Notes==
[[File:IDW Roller CharacterModel.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|80% legs]]
*[[James Roberts]] confirmed that Roller ''was'' a separate person from the other Roller in an interview. This was partly to mess with us by having someone so different from the Roller we knew, partly to suggest that Optimus named his drone after someone, and partly to give Orion Pax a friend who's no longer around so we'll wonder "whatever happened to Roller?!". (Ratchet's mention of "the last time" was to make us think Roller was going to die, to build tension; Roberts laments he now can't have Roller, Ratchet, and Pax hang out post-"Shadowplay".)<ref>[http://theunderbase.libsyn.com/the-underbase-deconstructs-shadowplay "The Underbase Podcast Deconstructs Shadowplay", 39:43 - 41:54]</ref>
*In the same interview, Roberts and Milne say Roller was drawn so big because he transforms into a Cybertronian paddy wagon.
*For some time, a popular speculation among the readership of ''More than Meets the Eye'' was that Roller was the secret identity of [[Tarn (DJD)|Tarn]]. [[Elegant Chaos Part 1: All Our Parlous Yesterdays#Other trivia|Issue #36]] subsequently dropped an absurd number of teases in support of this theory, which were revealed as nothing more than cheeky red herrings when Tarn was unmasked in [[The Dying of the Light Part 6: Do Not Go Gentle|issue #55]]. Furthering the joke, the reveal of Roller as alive and intact, also in that issue, came on the page immediately after Velocity asks about the DJD leader's identity (and immediately before Tarn's ''real'' unmasking).
*In an interesting and somewhat subversive homage of sorts, Roller's robot and vehicle modes appear to be based on the third party toy company Fansproject's Warbot Steel Core and its trailer[https://www.tfw2005.com/boards/threads/fansproject-wb002-warbot-steel-core-reviews.631041/]. Take that unlicensed third party companies! How do you like having your IP infringed for once?

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Disappeared]]
[[Category:Generations]]
[[Category:IDW (2005) Transformers]]
[[Category:Law enforcement]]
[[Category:Matrix bearers]]
[[Category:Point One Percenters]]

IP infringement

2020-08-04T14:03:49Z

Liege: /* Third party designs in official products and marketing */

{{disambig2|unlicensed toys based on ''Transformers''|third parties that produce actual ''Transformers'' products under license|Third party}}

The many and varied facets of the [[Transformers brand|''Transformers'' brand]] are the intellectual property (IP) of [[Hasbro]] and [[TakaraTomy]], and their ownership of these ideas and designs is [[Copyright|protected by law]]. Alas, some rascally elements have, over the years, decided they'd like a slice of that pie, which has led to the creation of what have been described as '''IP infringing items''' by employees of former Hasbro licensee [[Fun Publications]].

{{bigquote|Theft of IP like this is staggering, develop your own characters and designs!|[[Aaron Archer]], former [[Hasbro]] employee<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510214929/https://aaron-archer-art.tumblr.com/post/88471654165/aeonmagnus-fans-toys-ft-03-scoria-gallery Aaron Archer on Tumblr]</ref><ref>Archer would later do design work for a not-[[Octopunch (G1)|Octopunch]] figure for an abortive Kickstarter project. TFWiki.net leaves you to make of this what you will.</ref>}}

==Kinds of IP theft==
Technically, any use of Hasbro and Takara's ''Transformers'' names, characters, and concepts without obtaining a license could be considered IP theft. Things such as fan art and fan fiction, however, are rarely considered problematic, being as they are not intended to generate profit or are otherwise one-off works. In fact, in the past Hasbro has laid out guidelines to fan-artists and similar creators wishing to make and sell art and crafts based on ''Transformers'', which basically boiled down to being careful how one "branded" it (or, in practice, ''didn't'' brand it by just avoiding the use of brand names and some minor semantics).

When things get dicey —and the license-holders get tetchy— is when IP theft occurs on a grander, and more organised scale.

===Knockoffs===
[[File:DOTM.MIRAGEKO.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Automatons in Concealment]]
{{main|Knockoff}}
In the context of ''Transformers'', [[knockoff]] is often used to describe both low-budget/quality toys, the kind of off-color, oversized/undersized thing that one might come across in a "dollar store" cranked out by the bajillions from China, and higher-quality toys that actually attempt to pass themselves off as genuine Hasbro or Takara products. Knockoffs that are direct replicas of existing Hasbro toys are very obviously the result of theft – in that case, it is the precise design and engineering for the toy that has been stolen. However, it is not unheard of for manufacturers to create their own cheap toys in the image of ''Transformers'' characters, and these still constitute IP theft – Optimus Prime the Character is as much Hasbro's property as Optimus Prime the Specific Toy.

Conversely, a toy that copies the engineering (i.e. [[transformation]]) of an existing Hasbro/Takara product but is changed enough as to not resemble an existing character protected by copyright might not necessarily constitute IP theft: Functionality is protected by patents, and patent protection legally expires after 20 years. This is why you occasionally see off-brand toys that work just like the [[Jumpstarter]]s but look nothing like [[Topspin (G1)|Topspin]] or [[Twin Twist]].
{{--}}

==="Third party" toys===
[[File:MechaformNotJetfire.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|I Can't Believe It's Not Jetfire!]]
In the late 2000s, spurred on by the ''Transformers'' nostalgia boom invoked by the [[live-action film series]], a new phenomenon arose—unlicensed products based on ''Transformers'' aimed at the adult collector market. The very earliest examples of this kind of product were accessories and then "upgrades" for existing Hasbro toys, such as a trailer/armor set for ''[[Transformers: Classics|Classics]]'' [[Ultra Magnus (G1)|Ultra Magnus]], but the market quickly grew to include standalone action figures based on ''Transformers'' characters. The number of groups producing these figures has ballooned rapidly, to the point that two or even three separate companies will be simultaneously releasing toys of the same characters. Popular market trends have included [[combiner]]s and, more recently, faux-''[[The Transformers: Masterpiece|Masterpiece]]'' figures.

The [[fandom]]'s generally recognized name for these kinds of figures is "third party Transformers", although this is ultimately a misnomer for the plain reason that they are not actual ''Transformers'' products. (This terminology makes more sense in light of their history, as the initial accessories, add-ons and "upgrade" kits can still somewhat be considered "third party" products, and the term, once established among the fandom, was simply never adjusted when standalone figures became the main focus of such offerings.) Obviously, these should not be confused with the actual [[Third party|third parties]] who produce ''Transformers'' merchandise under license from Hasbro or Takara. In (very half-hearted) attempts to dissuade the notion that they are pinching ''Transformers'' characters, "third party" toy manufacturers typically avoid using [[Insignia|faction symbols]] (although sometimes including molded spaces for the buyer to apply their own), and give their figures alternative names that attempt to capture the sound and/or spirit of the [[trademark]]ed originals, with varying degrees of bizarreness. A toy intended to look like [[Starscream (disambiguation)|Starscream]] might, for example, wind up named "Stellaryell". Initially, fans would often avoid confusion by referring to these figures as "not" versions of the characters they were based on (for example, "Not-Starscream"), though as the market has grown that terminology has been mostly abandoned since there's liable to be multiple different Not-Starscreams.

After many years of these products, name overlaps are bound to happen; for example, different companies have figures alternatively based on [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Grimlock (G1)|Grimlock]] that are both named "Rager". Even more hilariously (though not really surprising), there are even ''knockoffs'' of "third party" toys! Let's see ''them'' duke out their IP conflicts in court.

Desire for those toys arises for various reasons—wanting a toy of a toyless character, wanting a collection with consistent scale, and desiring different visuals (be it show-accuracy or more unique takes on characters) are among those reasons.

For reasons that should, again, be obvious, TFWiki considers "third party" toys unrelated to its goal of documenting the ''Transformers'' brand, beyond examples where they have influenced official product.

====Types of "third party" toys====
Note: The following terms are descriptors rather than actual official terms since, well, they're clearly not official products.

* Accessories: these are generally items that are designed to interact with official product, but involve no modification to said official product. These are most often weapons (e.g. the [[Star Saber (Prima)|Star Saber]] and [[Dark Star Saber]] from ''Transformers: Prime''), but may also include [[:Category:MacGuffins|MacGuffins]] like the [[AllSpark Matrix]] or even characters like notable humans such as [[Sari Sumdac (Animated)|Sari]] and [[Isaac Sumdac (Animated)|Isaac Sumdac]].
* Add-ons: these are items that are designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance. However, said modification takes advantage of preexisting tabs, slots, posts and so on, thus requiring no actual modification of the official product. An example would be panels designed to fill in the gaps in the thighs of [[Optimus Prime (G1)/toys#Titans Return|''Titans Return'' Powermaster Optimus Prime]], which slot in snugly into the gaps.
* Upgrade kits: these are items designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance, but require some sort of actual modification to the official product. This can be as simple as popping off and swapping a limb on ball joints, to more comprehensive modifications like partial disassembly and replacing of parts. A kit that allows someone to switch the head of ''Classics'' Bumblebee to create a ''Classics''-styled Goldbug or giving ''G1'' Ironhide and Ratchet actual heads would be an example of this.
* Full figures: as mentioned above, these are generally what is meant when references are made to "third party Transformers". These are standalone fully transformable figures clearly based on and meant to evoke actual Transformers characters. One of the earliest and most (in)famous examples was a triple-changing Not-Springer which became wildly popular because official Springer toys of that time transformed into either a land vehicle or an air vehicle, but not both.

Again, these are descriptors, partially because there is a lot of overlap. For example, would a replacement head for a reissue G1 Bruticus that comes with light up LED eyes be considered an upgrade kit (since it replaces the original head) or an add-on (since it makes use of the post hole already intended for the original head)? Would hands and feet for a ''Combiner Wars'' Combiner that also transform into weapons for the component bots fall under accessories (as they're weapons) or upgrade kits (since they replace the original hands and feet) or add-ons (since they slot into preexisting ports)? And what about stickers that can change, for example, [[Prowl (G1)/toys#War for Cybertron: Siege|''Siege'' Prowl]] into an approximation of an [[Autotrooper (disambiguation)|Autotrooper]]?
{{--}}

===Doujinshi===
Generally understood to mean fan-comics, doujinshi (同人誌) are a uniquely Japanese occurrence. Japan has a very healthy culture of fan groups who make their own manga, many of them starring original characters but a huge portion starring characters owned by companies (for a ''Transformers'' example, imagine a gag manga where [[Deathsaurus (Victory)|Deathsaurus]] is portrayed as a little child and being raised by [[Megatron (G1)|Megatron]] and the other Decepticons to be the mighty [[Emperor of Destruction]] he is in [[Fight!_Super_Robot_Lifeform_Transformers:_Victory_(franchise)|''Transformers Victory'']]. Hijinks ensue). This would of course never fly in a litigious society like the US, but in Japan doujinshi exist in a strange gray area. <ref>[https://www.tofugu.com/japan/doujinshi-definition/ A page explaining doujinshi and why they're tolerated in Japan]</ref>

Basically, the difference between what would be understood as a fan-comic in the West and a doujinshi in Japan is that in the West (especially the US) while a company might turn a blind eye to someone making fan-comics for fun (e.g. on a site like DeviantArt), they would come down on them if they tried to put those same fan comics up for sale. [[Hasbro]] might allow (or at least ignore) people selling fanart and fan-comics at a proper ''Transformers'' convention like [[BotCon]], but might be much less forgiving if those same people tried to sell those items at, say, a general science fiction convention. Meanwhile in Japan, there are various conventions where doujinshi are actually the key focus, such as the famous Comiket. A ''Transformers'' doujinshi might be sold at a ''Transformers''-related convention, but might also appear at, say, a mecha-related convention or a general science fiction-related convention (since the Transformers would fall under a mecha or science fiction category).

Long story short, [[TakaraTomy]] could complain and shut groups making doujinshi down any time they wanted, but like many Japanese companies it appears that it simply isn't worth the hassle. People who make doujinshi are often the most hardcore of fans, and so alienating them isn't something most companies are eager to do. In addition, any victory would simply not be worth the resulting bad press, since fan groups are not exactly swimming in cash and while doujinshi are put up for sale, a lot of groups seem to just do it for love of the art or love of the series. It should also be mentioned that many big names in manga got their starts or honed their skills in doujinshi circles, and it isn't impossible for a company to want to recruit some of these up-and-coming talents.

It, er, probably should be pointed out that some doujinshi are very, very NSFW.

{{--}}

==Hasbro and IP theft==
===Remarks and actions===
Official statements from Hasbro on "third party" toys are few and far between. In one response, provided as part of the company's now-defunct fansite Q&A program, they noted the illegal nature of the figures, and remarked that this kind of IP theft was unfair to legitimate licensees who pay to produce ''Transformers'' merchandise.<ref>[http://www.tfviews.com/news/main/hasbro-q-and-a/499 TFviews Hasbro Q&A, August 2009]</ref>

In 2015, Hasbro's UK branch distributed an online survey of the collecting habits of ''Transformers'' fans to coincide with the Auto Assembly unofficial convention, which included a surprising number of questions regarding "third party" products. In a bit of an embarrassing ''faux pas'', a Hasbro representative present at the convention itself also addressed a [[Vos (DJD)|Vos]] cosplayer as "Cynicus", the name of an unofficial figure of that character.<ref>[http://waspshot23.tumblr.com/post/127569311096/ok-so waspshot23 on Tumblr]</ref>

To date, there have been no known instances of Hasbro pursuing actual legal action against the manufacturers of "third party" toys. While such unofficial toys were banned from being sold at the dealer room at [[BotCon 2012]],<ref>This mandate initially encompassed fan art too, but this was quickly relaxed.</ref> [[BotCon 2015|2015]] and [[BotCon 2016|2016]], they generally seem to adopt a "laissez-faire" approach to such toys; while they don't officially condone such material, they're happy to allow it to exist as long as it isn't impacting Hasbro's bottom line. A noted exception was an unofficial toy of [[Unicron]], announced during the [[HasLab]] campaign for [[Unicron/toys#War for Cybertron|''War for Cybertron'' Unicron]], seemingly intended to directly undercut Hasbro's big-ticket crowdfunded toy; evidently and understandably unhappy with his, Hasbro apparently intervened to have all posts about the pretender to the throne taken down from social media. <ref>[https://www.seibertron.com/transformers/news/3rd-party-not-unicron-apparently-removed-by-hasbro/43937/ 3rd Party (Not) Unicron Apparently Removed by Hasbro] at Seibertron</ref>

===Third party designs in official products and marketing===
[[File:MTMTE18 cvrB.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|IP untheft?]]
In recent years, there have been occasions where "third party" figure designs have slipped into official media. One cover for [[Remain in Light 2 of 5: House of Ambus|''More than Meets the Eye'' #18]] saw [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Gears (G1)|Gears]] drawn based on unofficial figures "Rager" and "Cogz" (do you see what we meant about the names?). Hasbro and [[IDW Publishing|IDW]] did not comment on this, although it seems likely that somebody somewhere might've gotten a slap on the wrist.

Meanwhile, ''official'' third party licensee [[Imaginarium Art]]'s statues of [[Hot Rod (G1)|Rodimus Prime]] and [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] seem to be based on the unofficial figures "Carry" and "Green Giant", with [http://imaginarium-art.com/project_news.php Rodimus Prime] featuring detailing on his forearms otherwise unique to Carry and [https://www.facebook.com/imaginarium.hobby/posts/575739045925230 Devastator] having kneepads only found on Giant. One has to assume Hasbro wasn't looking too closely, or were understandably unaware of those figures, when they signed off on these.

In what was presumably an innocent mistake that resulted from the use of a fan's personal collection, a slide shown at the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during [[Toy Fair 2016]] that represented Transformers "Spanning Generations" featured a photograph of a father and son surrounded by a variety of ''Masterpiece'' toys... and the "third party" [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] "Green Giant".<ref name="toyfair16">[http://news.tfw2005.com/2016/02/12/tfw2005-coverage-hasbro-toy-fair-2016-investor-press-event-309206 Slides from the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during Toy Fair 2016].</ref> Oops!

Although stylized, the ''[[Transformers: Earth Wars]]'' models for the Predacons are recognizably based upon the "Feralcons" (remember what we were saying?), one of the three notable sets of "third party" Predacons. It even leaked into their combined mode. Meanwhile, [[Motormaster (G1)#Transformers: Earth Wars|Motormaster]] is modeled on the TransFormMission "Powertrain" interpretation of Motormaster's design from IDW's [[The Transformers (IDW)|2009-2011 ongoing series]].

Similarly, ''Earth Wars'' and the ''[[Transformers: Power of the Primes (cartoon)|Power of the Primes]]'' cartoon feature models for the [[Dinobot (G1)|Dinobots]] based on the Fanstoys' "Iron Dibots" figures, rather than those from the concurrent [[Power of the Primes (toyline)|toyline]].

In an odd occurrence for a game almost exclusively using screen models and recent toys, [[Jazz (G1)#Transformers: Forged to Fight|Jazz]] in ''[[Transformers: Forged to Fight]]'' is directly modeled on ToyWorld's "Coolsville" figure.

[[Crucible (Part 1): A Dance Before Dying|''Lost Light'' #19]] shows [[Hot Rod (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Rodimus]] and [[Drift (G1)|Drift]] in alt-modes based directly on the Mastermind Creations "Calidus" and "Stray" figures.

IDW's design for [[Roller]] also appears to be based on Fansproject Steel Core.

An [[Industrial Light & Magic|ILM]] design presentation about the 2018 ''[[Bumblebee (film)|Bumblebee]]'' movie used an image of Fans Toys "Rouge" as a [[Arcee (G1)|Generation 1 Arcee]] design reference for [[Arcee (Movie)|''Bumblebee'' Arcee]].<ref>[https://www.ilm.com/visual_development/bumblebee-developing-an-epic-set-piece/ Bumblebee: Developing an Epic Set Piece - ILM San Francisco]</ref>

===Hasbro's own copyright dodging===
[[File:CYB sonic bomber originalsculpt.jpg|right|upright=0.85|thumb|First party problems.]]
Despite Hasbro's own (completely understandable) aversion against people making a profit off their IP without permission, it's not like Hasbro is entirely innocent in this regard: In fact, the ''Transformers'' toys' [[alternate mode]]s being unlicensed reproductions of real-world vehicles and aircraft goes back all the way to the very first ''[[The Transformers (toyline)|Transformers]]'' toys.

While the whole market situation was still very different back in the 1980s, and car manufacturers apparently didn't start properly enforcing their intellectual properties in the field of toys and merchandise until the early 2000s, ''Transformers'' toys with [[licensed vehicle alternate modes]] are still the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of [[popular Earth vehicle alternate modes]] are still unlicensed approximations of their real-life inspirations, basically "[[Sunstreaker (G1)/toys|not-Lamborghinis]]" or "[[Powerglide (G1)/toys|not-A-10s]]", with a few details altered to avoid a lawsuit — though this wasn't enough in [[Side Burn (RID)#Toys|one notable case]]. [[Downshift (Energon)#Cybertron|Some]] [[Windcharger (G1)#Transformers (2010)|examples]] are a little more creative, meshing together two or more real-life inspirations to create a genuine "hybrid" design, but most are just barely altered and instantly recognizable for what they are supposed to represent. While the target audience is obviously a different one (most people who buy a Hasbro Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character, not because they want a Lamborghini for their toy car collection; however, most, if not all, people who buy a "third party" version of Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character), it's worth noting for being illustrative of the gray area involved.

Less of a gray area appears to be the case of the ''[[Transformers: Generation 2 (toyline)|Generation 2]]'' [[Go-Bot (G2)|Go-Bot]] [[High Beam#Generation 2|High Beam]] (released in 1995), though: Its alternate mode looks plain ''identical'' to a vehicle from Mattel's ''Hot Wheels'' line that was first released in 1991 under the names "Back Burner" and "Sonic Special", but would eventually become more well-known in 1995 under the name "[[Wikia:hotwheels:Speed Blaster|Speed Blaster]]". Unless both toys were based on the same obscure real-life concept car that has since been ''completely'' forgotten by history, that would be a ''very'' blatant case of Hasbro ''literally'' copying one of its competitor's toys and just making it transform.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fan terminology]]
[[Category:Toys]]

IP infringement

2020-08-04T14:00:51Z

Liege: /* Third party designs in official products and marketing */

{{disambig2|unlicensed toys based on ''Transformers''|third parties that produce actual ''Transformers'' products under license|Third party}}

The many and varied facets of the [[Transformers brand|''Transformers'' brand]] are the intellectual property (IP) of [[Hasbro]] and [[TakaraTomy]], and their ownership of these ideas and designs is [[Copyright|protected by law]]. Alas, some rascally elements have, over the years, decided they'd like a slice of that pie, which has led to the creation of what have been described as '''IP infringing items''' by employees of former Hasbro licensee [[Fun Publications]].

{{bigquote|Theft of IP like this is staggering, develop your own characters and designs!|[[Aaron Archer]], former [[Hasbro]] employee<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510214929/https://aaron-archer-art.tumblr.com/post/88471654165/aeonmagnus-fans-toys-ft-03-scoria-gallery Aaron Archer on Tumblr]</ref><ref>Archer would later do design work for a not-[[Octopunch (G1)|Octopunch]] figure for an abortive Kickstarter project. TFWiki.net leaves you to make of this what you will.</ref>}}

==Kinds of IP theft==
Technically, any use of Hasbro and Takara's ''Transformers'' names, characters, and concepts without obtaining a license could be considered IP theft. Things such as fan art and fan fiction, however, are rarely considered problematic, being as they are not intended to generate profit or are otherwise one-off works. In fact, in the past Hasbro has laid out guidelines to fan-artists and similar creators wishing to make and sell art and crafts based on ''Transformers'', which basically boiled down to being careful how one "branded" it (or, in practice, ''didn't'' brand it by just avoiding the use of brand names and some minor semantics).

When things get dicey —and the license-holders get tetchy— is when IP theft occurs on a grander, and more organised scale.

===Knockoffs===
[[File:DOTM.MIRAGEKO.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Automatons in Concealment]]
{{main|Knockoff}}
In the context of ''Transformers'', [[knockoff]] is often used to describe both low-budget/quality toys, the kind of off-color, oversized/undersized thing that one might come across in a "dollar store" cranked out by the bajillions from China, and higher-quality toys that actually attempt to pass themselves off as genuine Hasbro or Takara products. Knockoffs that are direct replicas of existing Hasbro toys are very obviously the result of theft – in that case, it is the precise design and engineering for the toy that has been stolen. However, it is not unheard of for manufacturers to create their own cheap toys in the image of ''Transformers'' characters, and these still constitute IP theft – Optimus Prime the Character is as much Hasbro's property as Optimus Prime the Specific Toy.

Conversely, a toy that copies the engineering (i.e. [[transformation]]) of an existing Hasbro/Takara product but is changed enough as to not resemble an existing character protected by copyright might not necessarily constitute IP theft: Functionality is protected by patents, and patent protection legally expires after 20 years. This is why you occasionally see off-brand toys that work just like the [[Jumpstarter]]s but look nothing like [[Topspin (G1)|Topspin]] or [[Twin Twist]].
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==="Third party" toys===
[[File:MechaformNotJetfire.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|I Can't Believe It's Not Jetfire!]]
In the late 2000s, spurred on by the ''Transformers'' nostalgia boom invoked by the [[live-action film series]], a new phenomenon arose—unlicensed products based on ''Transformers'' aimed at the adult collector market. The very earliest examples of this kind of product were accessories and then "upgrades" for existing Hasbro toys, such as a trailer/armor set for ''[[Transformers: Classics|Classics]]'' [[Ultra Magnus (G1)|Ultra Magnus]], but the market quickly grew to include standalone action figures based on ''Transformers'' characters. The number of groups producing these figures has ballooned rapidly, to the point that two or even three separate companies will be simultaneously releasing toys of the same characters. Popular market trends have included [[combiner]]s and, more recently, faux-''[[The Transformers: Masterpiece|Masterpiece]]'' figures.

The [[fandom]]'s generally recognized name for these kinds of figures is "third party Transformers", although this is ultimately a misnomer for the plain reason that they are not actual ''Transformers'' products. (This terminology makes more sense in light of their history, as the initial accessories, add-ons and "upgrade" kits can still somewhat be considered "third party" products, and the term, once established among the fandom, was simply never adjusted when standalone figures became the main focus of such offerings.) Obviously, these should not be confused with the actual [[Third party|third parties]] who produce ''Transformers'' merchandise under license from Hasbro or Takara. In (very half-hearted) attempts to dissuade the notion that they are pinching ''Transformers'' characters, "third party" toy manufacturers typically avoid using [[Insignia|faction symbols]] (although sometimes including molded spaces for the buyer to apply their own), and give their figures alternative names that attempt to capture the sound and/or spirit of the [[trademark]]ed originals, with varying degrees of bizarreness. A toy intended to look like [[Starscream (disambiguation)|Starscream]] might, for example, wind up named "Stellaryell". Initially, fans would often avoid confusion by referring to these figures as "not" versions of the characters they were based on (for example, "Not-Starscream"), though as the market has grown that terminology has been mostly abandoned since there's liable to be multiple different Not-Starscreams.

After many years of these products, name overlaps are bound to happen; for example, different companies have figures alternatively based on [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Grimlock (G1)|Grimlock]] that are both named "Rager". Even more hilariously (though not really surprising), there are even ''knockoffs'' of "third party" toys! Let's see ''them'' duke out their IP conflicts in court.

Desire for those toys arises for various reasons—wanting a toy of a toyless character, wanting a collection with consistent scale, and desiring different visuals (be it show-accuracy or more unique takes on characters) are among those reasons.

For reasons that should, again, be obvious, TFWiki considers "third party" toys unrelated to its goal of documenting the ''Transformers'' brand, beyond examples where they have influenced official product.

====Types of "third party" toys====
Note: The following terms are descriptors rather than actual official terms since, well, they're clearly not official products.

* Accessories: these are generally items that are designed to interact with official product, but involve no modification to said official product. These are most often weapons (e.g. the [[Star Saber (Prima)|Star Saber]] and [[Dark Star Saber]] from ''Transformers: Prime''), but may also include [[:Category:MacGuffins|MacGuffins]] like the [[AllSpark Matrix]] or even characters like notable humans such as [[Sari Sumdac (Animated)|Sari]] and [[Isaac Sumdac (Animated)|Isaac Sumdac]].
* Add-ons: these are items that are designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance. However, said modification takes advantage of preexisting tabs, slots, posts and so on, thus requiring no actual modification of the official product. An example would be panels designed to fill in the gaps in the thighs of [[Optimus Prime (G1)/toys#Titans Return|''Titans Return'' Powermaster Optimus Prime]], which slot in snugly into the gaps.
* Upgrade kits: these are items designed to interact with official product and modify their appearance, but require some sort of actual modification to the official product. This can be as simple as popping off and swapping a limb on ball joints, to more comprehensive modifications like partial disassembly and replacing of parts. A kit that allows someone to switch the head of ''Classics'' Bumblebee to create a ''Classics''-styled Goldbug or giving ''G1'' Ironhide and Ratchet actual heads would be an example of this.
* Full figures: as mentioned above, these are generally what is meant when references are made to "third party Transformers". These are standalone fully transformable figures clearly based on and meant to evoke actual Transformers characters. One of the earliest and most (in)famous examples was a triple-changing Not-Springer which became wildly popular because official Springer toys of that time transformed into either a land vehicle or an air vehicle, but not both.

Again, these are descriptors, partially because there is a lot of overlap. For example, would a replacement head for a reissue G1 Bruticus that comes with light up LED eyes be considered an upgrade kit (since it replaces the original head) or an add-on (since it makes use of the post hole already intended for the original head)? Would hands and feet for a ''Combiner Wars'' Combiner that also transform into weapons for the component bots fall under accessories (as they're weapons) or upgrade kits (since they replace the original hands and feet) or add-ons (since they slot into preexisting ports)? And what about stickers that can change, for example, [[Prowl (G1)/toys#War for Cybertron: Siege|''Siege'' Prowl]] into an approximation of an [[Autotrooper (disambiguation)|Autotrooper]]?
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===Doujinshi===
Generally understood to mean fan-comics, doujinshi (同人誌) are a uniquely Japanese occurrence. Japan has a very healthy culture of fan groups who make their own manga, many of them starring original characters but a huge portion starring characters owned by companies (for a ''Transformers'' example, imagine a gag manga where [[Deathsaurus (Victory)|Deathsaurus]] is portrayed as a little child and being raised by [[Megatron (G1)|Megatron]] and the other Decepticons to be the mighty [[Emperor of Destruction]] he is in [[Fight!_Super_Robot_Lifeform_Transformers:_Victory_(franchise)|''Transformers Victory'']]. Hijinks ensue). This would of course never fly in a litigious society like the US, but in Japan doujinshi exist in a strange gray area. <ref>[https://www.tofugu.com/japan/doujinshi-definition/ A page explaining doujinshi and why they're tolerated in Japan]</ref>

Basically, the difference between what would be understood as a fan-comic in the West and a doujinshi in Japan is that in the West (especially the US) while a company might turn a blind eye to someone making fan-comics for fun (e.g. on a site like DeviantArt), they would come down on them if they tried to put those same fan comics up for sale. [[Hasbro]] might allow (or at least ignore) people selling fanart and fan-comics at a proper ''Transformers'' convention like [[BotCon]], but might be much less forgiving if those same people tried to sell those items at, say, a general science fiction convention. Meanwhile in Japan, there are various conventions where doujinshi are actually the key focus, such as the famous Comiket. A ''Transformers'' doujinshi might be sold at a ''Transformers''-related convention, but might also appear at, say, a mecha-related convention or a general science fiction-related convention (since the Transformers would fall under a mecha or science fiction category).

Long story short, [[TakaraTomy]] could complain and shut groups making doujinshi down any time they wanted, but like many Japanese companies it appears that it simply isn't worth the hassle. People who make doujinshi are often the most hardcore of fans, and so alienating them isn't something most companies are eager to do. In addition, any victory would simply not be worth the resulting bad press, since fan groups are not exactly swimming in cash and while doujinshi are put up for sale, a lot of groups seem to just do it for love of the art or love of the series. It should also be mentioned that many big names in manga got their starts or honed their skills in doujinshi circles, and it isn't impossible for a company to want to recruit some of these up-and-coming talents.

It, er, probably should be pointed out that some doujinshi are very, very NSFW.

{{--}}

==Hasbro and IP theft==
===Remarks and actions===
Official statements from Hasbro on "third party" toys are few and far between. In one response, provided as part of the company's now-defunct fansite Q&A program, they noted the illegal nature of the figures, and remarked that this kind of IP theft was unfair to legitimate licensees who pay to produce ''Transformers'' merchandise.<ref>[http://www.tfviews.com/news/main/hasbro-q-and-a/499 TFviews Hasbro Q&A, August 2009]</ref>

In 2015, Hasbro's UK branch distributed an online survey of the collecting habits of ''Transformers'' fans to coincide with the Auto Assembly unofficial convention, which included a surprising number of questions regarding "third party" products. In a bit of an embarrassing ''faux pas'', a Hasbro representative present at the convention itself also addressed a [[Vos (DJD)|Vos]] cosplayer as "Cynicus", the name of an unofficial figure of that character.<ref>[http://waspshot23.tumblr.com/post/127569311096/ok-so waspshot23 on Tumblr]</ref>

To date, there have been no known instances of Hasbro pursuing actual legal action against the manufacturers of "third party" toys. While such unofficial toys were banned from being sold at the dealer room at [[BotCon 2012]],<ref>This mandate initially encompassed fan art too, but this was quickly relaxed.</ref> [[BotCon 2015|2015]] and [[BotCon 2016|2016]], they generally seem to adopt a "laissez-faire" approach to such toys; while they don't officially condone such material, they're happy to allow it to exist as long as it isn't impacting Hasbro's bottom line. A noted exception was an unofficial toy of [[Unicron]], announced during the [[HasLab]] campaign for [[Unicron/toys#War for Cybertron|''War for Cybertron'' Unicron]], seemingly intended to directly undercut Hasbro's big-ticket crowdfunded toy; evidently and understandably unhappy with his, Hasbro apparently intervened to have all posts about the pretender to the throne taken down from social media. <ref>[https://www.seibertron.com/transformers/news/3rd-party-not-unicron-apparently-removed-by-hasbro/43937/ 3rd Party (Not) Unicron Apparently Removed by Hasbro] at Seibertron</ref>

===Third party designs in official products and marketing===
[[File:MTMTE18 cvrB.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|IP untheft?]]
In recent years, there have been occasions where "third party" figure designs have slipped into official media. One cover for [[Remain in Light 2 of 5: House of Ambus|''More than Meets the Eye'' #18]] saw [[Huffer (G1)|Huffer]] and [[Gears (G1)|Gears]] drawn based on unofficial figures "Rager" and "Cogz" (do you see what we meant about the names?). Hasbro and [[IDW Publishing|IDW]] did not comment on this, although it seems likely that somebody somewhere might've gotten a slap on the wrist.

Meanwhile, ''official'' third party licensee [[Imaginarium Art]]'s statues of [[Hot Rod (G1)|Rodimus Prime]] and [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] seem to be based on the unofficial figures "Carry" and "Green Giant", with [http://imaginarium-art.com/project_news.php Rodimus Prime] featuring detailing on his forearms otherwise unique to Carry and [https://www.facebook.com/imaginarium.hobby/posts/575739045925230 Devastator] having kneepads only found on Giant. One has to assume Hasbro wasn't looking too closely, or were understandably unaware of those figures, when they signed off on these.

In what was presumably an innocent mistake that resulted from the use of a fan's personal collection, a slide shown at the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during [[Toy Fair 2016]] that represented Transformers "Spanning Generations" featured a photograph of a father and son surrounded by a variety of ''Masterpiece'' toys... and the "third party" [[Devastator (G1)|Devastator]] "Green Giant".<ref name="toyfair16">[http://news.tfw2005.com/2016/02/12/tfw2005-coverage-hasbro-toy-fair-2016-investor-press-event-309206 Slides from the Hasbro investor and press event presentation during Toy Fair 2016].</ref> Oops!

Although stylized, the ''[[Transformers: Earth Wars]]'' models for the Predacons are recognizably based upon the "Feralcons" (remember what we were saying?), one of the three notable sets of "third party" Predacons. It even leaked into their combined mode. Meanwhile, [[Motormaster (G1)#Transformers: Earth Wars|Motormaster]] is modeled on the TransFormMission "Powertrain" interpretation of Motormaster's design from IDW's [[The Transformers (IDW)|2009-2011 ongoing series]].

Similarly, ''Earth Wars'' and the ''[[Transformers: Power of the Primes (cartoon)|Power of the Primes]]'' cartoon feature models for the [[Dinobot (G1)|Dinobots]] based on the Fanstoys' "Iron Dibots" figures, rather than those from the concurrent [[Power of the Primes (toyline)|toyline]].

In an odd occurrence for a game almost exclusively using screen models and recent toys, [[Jazz (G1)#Transformers: Forged to Fight|Jazz]] in ''[[Transformers: Forged to Fight]]'' is directly modeled on ToyWorld's "Coolsville" figure.

[[Crucible (Part 1): A Dance Before Dying|''Lost Light'' #19]] shows [[Hot Rod (G1)/2005 IDW continuity|Rodimus]] and [[Drift (G1)|Drift]] in alt-modes based directly on the Mastermind Creations "Calidus" and "Stray" figures. Roller's design is also based on Fansproject Steel Core.

An [[Industrial Light & Magic|ILM]] design presentation about the 2018 ''[[Bumblebee (film)|Bumblebee]]'' movie used an image of Fans Toys "Rouge" as a [[Arcee (G1)|Generation 1 Arcee]] design reference for [[Arcee (Movie)|''Bumblebee'' Arcee]].<ref>[https://www.ilm.com/visual_development/bumblebee-developing-an-epic-set-piece/ Bumblebee: Developing an Epic Set Piece - ILM San Francisco]</ref>

===Hasbro's own copyright dodging===
[[File:CYB sonic bomber originalsculpt.jpg|right|upright=0.85|thumb|First party problems.]]
Despite Hasbro's own (completely understandable) aversion against people making a profit off their IP without permission, it's not like Hasbro is entirely innocent in this regard: In fact, the ''Transformers'' toys' [[alternate mode]]s being unlicensed reproductions of real-world vehicles and aircraft goes back all the way to the very first ''[[The Transformers (toyline)|Transformers]]'' toys.

While the whole market situation was still very different back in the 1980s, and car manufacturers apparently didn't start properly enforcing their intellectual properties in the field of toys and merchandise until the early 2000s, ''Transformers'' toys with [[licensed vehicle alternate modes]] are still the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of [[popular Earth vehicle alternate modes]] are still unlicensed approximations of their real-life inspirations, basically "[[Sunstreaker (G1)/toys|not-Lamborghinis]]" or "[[Powerglide (G1)/toys|not-A-10s]]", with a few details altered to avoid a lawsuit — though this wasn't enough in [[Side Burn (RID)#Toys|one notable case]]. [[Downshift (Energon)#Cybertron|Some]] [[Windcharger (G1)#Transformers (2010)|examples]] are a little more creative, meshing together two or more real-life inspirations to create a genuine "hybrid" design, but most are just barely altered and instantly recognizable for what they are supposed to represent. While the target audience is obviously a different one (most people who buy a Hasbro Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character, not because they want a Lamborghini for their toy car collection; however, most, if not all, people who buy a "third party" version of Sunstreaker do so because he represents Sunstreaker the ''Transformers'' character), it's worth noting for being illustrative of the gray area involved.

Less of a gray area appears to be the case of the ''[[Transformers: Generation 2 (toyline)|Generation 2]]'' [[Go-Bot (G2)|Go-Bot]] [[High Beam#Generation 2|High Beam]] (released in 1995), though: Its alternate mode looks plain ''identical'' to a vehicle from Mattel's ''Hot Wheels'' line that was first released in 1991 under the names "Back Burner" and "Sonic Special", but would eventually become more well-known in 1995 under the name "[[Wikia:hotwheels:Speed Blaster|Speed Blaster]]". Unless both toys were based on the same obscure real-life concept car that has since been ''completely'' forgotten by history, that would be a ''very'' blatant case of Hasbro ''literally'' copying one of its competitor's toys and just making it transform.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fan terminology]]
[[Category:Toys]]

Roller (IDW)

2020-08-01T18:17:55Z

Liege: /* Notes */