Editing User:AzimuthAcolyte/Sandbox/Japanese

[[Image:GenerationsJapaneseNames.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Modern-day Japanese ''Transformers'' packaging with properly romanized names alongside their katakana spelling, leaving nothing to interpretation.]]

Borne as it is from the partnership between the American [[Hasbro]] and the Japanese [[TakaraTomy]], Transformers has from its inception been a bilingual franchise, split cardinally between English, the language of this wiki, and the '''Japanese language''' (日本語 ''Nihongo''). The road between the two does not always run smooth, and many quirks of the Transformers franchise can be ascribed to this friction.

==Japanese: a crash course==
===Katakana and Hiragana===
Any writing system is, at best, an approximation of the sounds it represents. The modern Japanese writing system distinguishes between fewer {{w|phoneme}}s than most, but this does not mean the language ''lacks'' those phonemes, merely that different sounds can be represented by the same symbols. English has more than twenty-six sounds denoted by character-combinations (ex. "{{w|Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ch}}" makes a sound that is not the combination of the mouth-movements for "{{w|Voiceless velar plosive|c}}" and "{{w|Voiceless glottal fricative|h}}", but a close cousin), but even those combinations are imperfect; the "oo" letter sequence represents different sounds in "{{w|Near-close near-back rounded vowel|cook}}" and "{{w|Close back rounded vowel|spook}}". While Japanese does have official Romanization systems, such as the {{w|Nihon-shiki romanization|Nihon-shiki}}, it can still be difficult to Romanize a Japanese word to match its author's intent due to the sharing of phonemes and other artifacts of the differences between the English and Japanese languages. Kana can be written using two native systems: the "{{w|hiragana}}" (ひらがな) script used primarily for Japanese words, and the "{{w|katakana}}" (カタカナ) script used primarily for loanwords or foreign words, as well as for denoting emphasis.

Kana is a primarily syllabic script; with the exception of six kana, each symbol represents a consonant-vowel pair, such as ど ''do'', は ''ha'', ぐ ''gu'', and け ''ke''.
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hiragana (left) and Katakana (right)
|-
!
!title="single vowels"| –
!''k''
!''s''
!''t''
!''n''
!''h''
!''m''
!''y''
!''r''
!''w''
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''a''
|あア
|かカ
|さサ
|たタ
|なナ
|はハ
|まマ
|やヤ
|らラ
|わワ
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''i''
|いイ
|きキ
|しシ
|ちチ
|にニ
|ひヒ
|みミ
|*
|りリ
|ゐヰ
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''u''
|うウ
|くク
|すス
|つツ
|ぬヌ
|ふフ
|むム
|ゆユ
|るル
|*
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''e''
|えエ
|けケ
|せセ
|てテ
|ねネ
|へヘ
|めメ
|*
|れレ
|ゑヱ
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''o''
|おオ
|こコ
|そソ
|とト
|のノ
|ほホ
|もモ
|よヨ
|ろロ
|をヲ
|}
|
    
{| class="wikitable"
|+&nbsp;<br><small>&nbsp;</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | <span style="font-size:2em">んン</span><br>'''(''n'')'''
|}
|}

These basic kana are in turn modified by the "{{w|dakuten}}" ( ﾞ), which resembles a quotation mark and transforms a voiceless kana such as "ka" into a voiced "ga" and changes the soft "f-" series into the "b-" series; and the "{{w|handakuten}}" ( ﾟ), which resembles a degree sign and modifies the soft "f-" series of kana into the hard "p-" series.

====Examples====
*司令官 ''shi rei kan'' ("[[Supreme Commander|Commander]]")<br>
司 = "official" or "director"<br>
令 = "law" or "command"<br>
官 = "governor/bureaucrat"<br>
<br>
*生命体 ''sei mei tai'' ("lifeform")<br>
生 = "living"<br>
命 = "life force", inochi as a kun'yomi<br>
体 = "body, figure"<br>
<br>
*超ロボット生命体 トランスフォーマー ("[[Fight! Super Robot Lifeform Transformers (franchise)|Super Robot Lifeform Transformer]]")<br>
超 (''chō'', "super-")<br>
ロボット (''robotto'', katakana)<br>
生命体 (''seimeitai'', "lifeform", kanji with on'yomi)<br>
トランスフォーマー (''toransufōmā'', Transformer in katakana)

===Kanji===
Due to the {{w|Chinese influence on Japanese culture#Language|influence of the Chinese language}}, Japanese also uses "{{w|kanji}}" (漢字), logographic symbols that represent specific concepts. These kanji often have two pronunciations, one the Japanese word for the specific concept (訓読み ''kun'yomi'') and another based on the borrowed Chinese word (音読み ''on'yomi''), but can sometimes have additional pronunciations. Single kanji can also be compounded into more complex concepts; for example, the Japanese word for telephone, ''denwa'', is made up of the symbols "電話", which separately mean "electric" and "talk".
{{note|flesh out, tf examples}}

===Furigana===
{{note|copy over [[Primus Vanguard]] footnote explanation, some examples}}

==Romanization== 
"Romanization" refers to the adaptation of languages or words that do not use Latin letters to the 26-character Latin [[alphabet]] used in English (among other, less important languages). Technically, the English-specific term would be "Anglicization".

Due to its separate development, the Japanese language does not share the same focus as English on certain sounds such as "l", "f", or "v", among several others. To approximate these sounds, Japanese generally uses phonemes from the "r-", "h-", and "b-" series of kana.

{{note|flesh this out, tf examples of how this works}}

==Lost in Translation==

Typical causes for friction between languages are mistakes in mechanical process of translation for perfectly straightforward material, wordplay that only make sense to a native Japanese speaker, and, occasionally, terms with no coherent meaning to be had. In some rare cases, it even appears that mistranslation occurs on ''purpose''.

Recall that from the perspective of an audience that does not speak the language, whether the words fit together at all is usually of no consequence so long as they are pronounceable, catchy, and easy to remember [[To sell toys|when buying their products]].
{{-}}
===Causes of translation errors===
====Romanization difficulties====
[[Image:KojinOnoPhoto.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The man with many names, all of which are the same.]]Romanizing a name isn't always easy.

Actual Japanese people can often have their names romanized in several ways, all of which are, by default, equally valid: For example, the name of legendary ''Diaclone'' and Generation 1 toy designer [[Kōjin Ōno]] (大野 光仁 ''Ōno Kōjin'') can also be romanized as "Kojin Ohno" or "Kouzin Ono". Japanese people who frequently interact with the Western world may settle for an "official" version for simplicity's sake; in that case, insisting on using an alternate romanization would be considered pedantic and ignorant.

Since the vast majority of Transformers names used for the Japanese market are English or English-derived, romanizing them isn't particularly difficult— for example, [[Megatron (disambiguation)|Megatron]]'s Japanese name (メガトロン ''Megatoron'') is simply a transliteration of his Western name; the same applies to [[Thundercracker (disambiguation)|Thundercracker]] (サンダークラッカー ''Sandākurakkā''). Many characters whose names were changed for the Japanese market are still easy to decipher; for example, [[Jazz (G1)|Jazz]] traditionally becomes "Meister" (マイスター ''Maisutā''), [[Sideswipe (G1)|Sideswipe]] becomes Lambor (ランボル ''Ranboru''), and [[Optimus Prime (G1)|Optimus Prime]] becomes Convoy (コンボイ ''Konboi'').

One problem is posed by the Japanese use of the plural, which doesn't use an "s" suffix like it does in English. Thus, the Japanese name for the [[Transformers brand|overall brand]] is literally "Transformer" (トランスフォーマー ''Toransufōmā''). However, since Takara uses the spelling "Transformers" every time the name is rendered in English, the plural "s" can be assumed to materialize in the transition from katakana to the Latin spelling in much the same way Optimus Prime's [[Combat Deck (G1)|trailer]] appears and disappears every time he transforms. This doesn't always apply, however; some English-derived names with a plural in it may in fact keep the "s" suffix in their katakana spelling, such as ''[[Generations (disambiguation)|Generations]]'' (ジェネレーションズ ''Jenerēshonzu''), resulting in an inconsistent appearance in the combination "''Transformers: Generations''", where "Generations" uses the plural "s" but "Transformers" doesn't.

The Japanese writing system distinguishes between fewer {{w|phoneme}}s than most. Generally, foreign words in Japan frequently acquire ''creative'' spellings as a result of being rendered "down" into the Japanese spelling system.

In some cases where Takara has put the Latin spelling of the characters' names on their [[packaging]], something was amiss: Whoever was responsible for the romanization screwed up, and the error was not caught in [[quality control]] either. The most common causes for bad romanization are a mix-up between /l/ and /r/ (which are approximated by the same sound in Japanese) and /v/ and /b/ (the /v/ sound doesn't exist in Japanese and is usually substituted by /b/). Another common issue is that /n/, if followed by /m/, /b/, and /p/, becomes /m/ in Japanese phonology.

[[File:Romanization minelba.jpg|right|211px|thumb|{{w|Help:IPA/Latin|Oh like ''you're'' so certain you were pronouncing [mɪˈnɛrwa] correctly.}}]]
Examples:
*[[Minerva (human)|Minerva]] (ミネルバ) as "Minelba".
*[[Kraken]] (クラーケン) as "Clerken".
*[[Optimus Prime (G1)|Convoy]] (コンボイ) as "Comvoy", used on the packaging for ''[[Transformers: Mystery of Convoy]]''.
*Similarly, various characters from ''[[Transformers: Cybertron (franchise)|Galaxy Force]]'' with "Convoy" in their names as "Conboy" on Takara's website<ref name="galaxyforce">.[https://web.archive.org/web/20081019212742/https://www.takaratomy.co.jp/products/galaxyforce/index2.html Archived version of TakaraTomy's Galaxy Force website]</ref>
*Variations of "[[Decepticon|Destron]]" (デストロン), including "Deathtron" and "Destoron".
*''[[The Transformers Collection|Transformers Collection]]'' [[Sideswipe (G1)|Lambor]] (ランボル) as "Rambol" on Takara's website<ref name="rambol">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213050822/www.takaratomy.co.jp/products/TF/g1/tfc/tf07.html Archived version of TakaraTomy website listing for the TFC "Rambol" reissue]</ref> (unlike the "Rijie" case listed below, ''[[Transformers: Alternators|Binaltech]]'' Lambor, released a few months after the ''Transformers Collection'' [[Generation 1 reissues|reissue]], had his name spelled properly in English on his packaging, making this a definite error).
*''[[Transformers: Alternity|Alternity]]'' [[Ultra Magnus (G1)/toys#Alternity|Ultra Magnus]] (ウルトラマグナス) as "Ultla Magnus".
*''[[Transformers Legends (franchise)|Legends]]'' [[Misfire (G1)#Legends|Targetmaster Misfire]] as "Targetmaster Missfire".
*''[[Transformers: Generations (toyline)|Generations Selects]]'' [[Lobclaw#Generations|Lobclaw]] (ロブクロウ) as "Seacons Lobclow".

Also worth mentioning is the lack of spaces for compound names in some cases, such as with the entire ''[[Transformers: Cybertron (toyline)|Galaxy Force]]'' line, which had "[[Optimus Prime (Armada)/toys#Cybertron|Galaxyconvoy]]", "[[Red Alert (Armada)#Cybertron|Firstaid]]" or "[[Megatron (Armada)/toys|Mastermegatron]]", or ''Legends'' "[[Blue Big Convoy#Legends|Blue Bigconvoy]]". This happens because the katakana spelling often does not have any separations between these name components (it ''is'' possible to use a "middle dot" ・, called a nakaguro, but its usage is not mandatory), and this structure may be carried over during the Romanization if the people in charge of the packaging design don't pay attention to it.

A particularly unusual case is that of the ''non''-Japanese Generation 1 [[Action Master Elite]] "[[Omega Supreme (G1)|Omega Spreem]]" toy, which came out at a time when the original ''Transformers'' toy line had been canceled for the United States market and was [[The Transformers (European toyline)|primarily released in European markets]]. Intended as the same [[character]] as the older ''Generation 1'' Omega '''Supreme''' toy, both "Supreme" and "Spreem" are possible transliterations of the katakana spelling スプリーム (though "Supreme" is obviously the only one that actually makes ''sense''). ''Why'' Hasbro UK would use a nonsensical transliteration of the Japanese spelling of the character's English name is lost in the mists of time; however, a ''partial'' explanation can be found in the ''[[Transformers Vault]]'' book: The design artwork for an unreleased standard (i.e. not Elite) [[Action Master]] version of Omega Supreme has his name (correctly spelled) written quite large on the top of the sheet in big black marker. However, there's also an illustrator's note written in very small pen/pencil next to the toy's design artwork, which misspells the character's name as "Omega Spreem", despite the correct spelling being in giant text directly above it (though to be fair, it's possible that the black marker text was added after the fact). When the toy was released, for ''some'' reason Hasbro used the nonsensical "Omega Spreem" spelling.

====Sentence structure shenanagins====
{{note|break down differences in sentence construction etc that lead to this}}
Examples:
*[[Movie The Best]]?

===="Double blind" translation====
[[File:MegaSCFEngrishTagline01.jpg|right|upright=1.8|thumb|★ There was an attempt.]]
Some times, the romanization is on point, the meaning of each word is more or less correct, and the sentence structure is ''technically'' acceptable, but no one in the room is fluent in the language and the wind just isn't at their backs, producing results that are...
Off.

On occasion, some popular English catchphrases for the brand have been translated into Japanese and then ''re-translated'' back into English, producing a particularly brutal contrast with the "correct answer." A prime example is when the tagline "More than meets the eye" was translated into Japanese and then re-translated back into English for the packaging of the Japanese release of the ''[[Heroes of Cybertron]]'' line, producing the trainwreck, "The truth who the eyes met before!"
{{-}}

===Translating the untranslateable===
====Pun problems====
Much like in English, many Japanese Transformer names are corny puns. This becomes problematic very quickly when puns that work in Japanese do not in English:
*The name for ''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2001 franchise)|Robots in Disguise]]'' [[Ruination (RID)|Ruination]]'s ''Car Robots'' counterpart is derived from "[[Bruticus (G1)|Bruticus]]", whose toy he is redecoed from, by shifting some of the sounds that make up the name. Thus, (ブルーティカス ''Burūtikasu'') became (バルディガス ''Barudigasu''). For years, the correct romanization of said name was up in the air, with "Baldigus" and "Valdigus" being the most popular fan spellings, until his ''[[Transformers Unite Warriors|Unite Warriors]]'' toy provided an official romanized spelling, as "Baldigus".
*''[[Transformers: Kiss Players (toyline)|Kiss Players]]'' "[[Autorooper]]" (オートルーパー) is a ''portmanteau'' of "auto" (オート) and "trooper" (トルーパー), the latter pronounced "torūpā" ("torooper") in Japanese. Any romanization of the name misses out on at least half of the pun.
*Similar is ''[[Transformers: Cybertron (franchise)|Galaxy Force]]'' [[Red Alert (Armada)|First Aid's]] (ファストエイド, ''Cybertron'' Red Alert) upgraded form, "First Gunner" (ファストガンナー, [[Cybertron Defense Team (Cybertron)|Cybertron Defense]] Red Alert for Hasbro). To Japanese ears, "First" and "Fast" sound almost the same, thus making the upgrade a "fast gunner". Takara decided to keep the spelling from "First Aid" consistent in the Romanization, thus ending up with the somewhat nonsensical name "First Gunner".
*''Galaxy Force'' [[Spiral|Gagenda]] (ガゼンダ), [[Oval|Cyaana]] (シアーナ) and [[Backtrack (Armada)|Sullow]] (スロー) are named with modifications of their primary colors: magenta (マゼンタ), cyan (シアン) and yellow (イェロー).
{{note|[[Lawbhammer]] is probably a good candidate here}}

===="High concept" names====
[[File:ViolenJygar1.jpg|right|211px|thumb|Tragically not actually a juggler of violins.]]
And then there are the names that didn't mean much to begin with, or are so baroque that any romanization would have to be either extremely liberal in order to make sense, or end up nonsensical either way. Accuracy is sometimes a low priority, as English-derived names are ''generally'' simply intended to sound "cool", not necessarily make sense to Japanese children. A familiar point of reference might be the atrocities we in the English market regularly inflict upon Latin.

Examples:
*''[[Transformers: Cybertron (franchise)|Cybertron]]'' [[Hot Shot (Armada)|Hot Shot]]'s Japanese ''Galaxy Force'' name (エクシリオン) is officially romanized as "Exillion". Hasbro later released a redeco as a separate character named [[Excellion (Cybertron)|Excellion]], which makes only slightly more sense.
{{note|[[Latolata]], [[Black Roritchi]], [[Deathsaurus]], [[Dai Atlas]], [[Gilthor]], [[Blastizone]] etc}}
*Perhaps the final boss of galaxy brained Japanese Transformer names is, fittingly, the final boss of the Japanese Generation 1 cartoon. The name of [[Violengiguar]] (バイオレンジャイガー), the spooky space ghost antagonist of ''[[Transformers: Zone]]'', was the source of no small amount of bafflement and a wide variety of interpretations both fan and official including but not limited to "Violen Jiger", "Violen Jygar", and even "Bio Ranger Iga." We finally got an explanation after nearly thirty years in 2019, when cartoon lead writer and overall Generation 1 story architect [[Masumi Kaneda]] clarified<ref>[https://twitter.com/KanedaMasumi/status/1101329144602718208 Tweet by Masumi Kaneda]: バイオレンスにジャイアント、ジャイガンティス、ジャガーなどを加えてアレンジしたと思います。それまでになく大きく強く破壊力があり凶暴でハッタリがきく。その一言で強大な悪の象徴であることを印象づける。あえて「トランスフォーマー」と並ぶような長いネーミングにしてみました。</ref>:
** The name is a portmanteau of (deep breath):
***"'''Violen'''ce" ('''バイオレン'''ス) + "'''Gi'''ant" ('''ジャイ'''アント) / "[[Godzilla|'''Gi'''gantis]]" (ジャ'''イガ'''ンティス) + "Ja'''guar'''" (ジャ'''ガー''')
****Both "Giant" and "Gigantis" were cited as the origin for the same "gi" (ジャイ) part of the name.
** It was constructed to "match the length of" (read: vaguely rhyme with) the word "Transformer" (トランスフォーマー). The way this works is that "Transformer" picks up a couple more syllables in Japanese such that we have:
:::Transformer -> (ト ''To'') - (ラ ''ra'') - (ン ''n'') - (ス ''su'') - (フォー ''fō'') - (マー ''mā'')
:::Violengiguar -> (バイ ''Ba'') - (イ ''i'') - (オ ''o'') - (レ ''re'') - (ン ''n'') - (ジャ ''ja'') - (イ ''i'') - (ガー ''gā'')
:The idea here was to create a powerful, violent name that presented a sort of "dark mirror" to the Transformers. Real out of the box thinker, that Kaneda.
{{-}}

===Frequent avenues of mistranslation===
====Because it looks cool====
[[File:FuNaNa.jpg|thumb|300px|The one and only Mr. Funana.]]
We've [[Drift (G1)#Toys|all seen]] Japanese characters tacked onto English language goods to "look cool" on solely aesthetic grounds. Did you know that goes the other way too? Unsurprisingly this rarely produces intelligible results in either direction.
=====Cool Japanese=====
{{note|[[Pat Lee]]. Nuff said.}}
=====Cool English=====
Snappy English catchphrases of questionable intelligibility are a frequent stalwart of "cool" characters' dialogue in Japanese childrens' media.
*[[Star Saber (G1)|Star Saber]] often shouts "Let's say go!"  This is a pun on "Let's seigō," where Japanese word "seigō" (整合), means, broadly, "coordinate," making it more or less his version of Optimus Prime's iconic "Transform and out!"
*[[Cliffjumper (Energon)|''Energon'' Cliffjumper]] is known to pepper his dialogue with English phrases, most frequently "Check it out, yo."
Bits of English often creep their way into [[Japanese themes|Japanese theme songs]] as well, as they are a something of a staple in Japanese pop music.
*[[Satoko Shimonari]]'s theme for ''[[Fight! Super Robot Lifeform Transformers (franchise)|Fight! Super Robot Lifeform Transformers]]'', titled "[[Transformer (song)|TRANSFORMER]]", featured this wonderful gem: "We hope the only world!"

=====Other languages=====
*[[Jointron]]s

====Bad dubs====
[[File:E45 titlecard.jpg|thumb|[[Decepticon#2005_IDW_continuity|You are being decieved.]]]]
Furthermore, on many occasions, when Japanese ''Transformers'' cartoons have been translated and dubbed into English, the translations and scripts have been rushed, resulting in mind-boggling dialogue.

When the [[Omni Productions]] dub was produced for ''[[Transformers: The Headmasters (cartoon)|The Headmasters]]'', ''[[Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (cartoon)|Masterforce]]'' and ''[[Fight! Super Robot Lifeform Transformers: Victory (cartoon)|Victory]]'' and when the [[Voicebox Productions|Voicebox]] dub was produced for ''[[Transformers: Armada (cartoon)|Armada]]'' and ''[[Transformers: Energon (cartoon)|Energon]]'', early, unpolished translations of the Japanese TV series were used for the final scripts. While these translations were (mostly) accurate, they were accurate in a tremendously ''literal'' sense, often not being adjusted to fit the English language properly. What resulted were incoherent lines of dialogue which sounded like a ''Babelfish'' translation of a web page.
{{-}}

====Deliberate mistranslation====
[[Image:RMBTRijie.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Most likely on purpose.]]
In some rare cases, an official instance of mistranslation is both so blatant and so persistent that it appears to be done on purpose, usually for trademark reasons.

=====TakaraTomy=====
The prime example is ''[[The Transformers (franchise)|Generation 1]]'' [[Mirage (G1)|Mirage]], who got renamed into "Ligier" (リジェ) for the Japanese market, based on the real life car manufacturer who produced the car the original Mirage toy's [[alternate mode]] was based on. While the ''[[The Transformers (toyline)|Generation 1]]'' toy only spelled the name in katakana, with no official romanized spelling supplied, both the more recent ''[[Robotmasters (franchise)|Robotmasters]]'' and ''[[Transformers: Alternators|Binaltech]]'' toys have used the official romanization "Rijie"... which is, as a romanization of the katakana spelling, about the furthest possible from "Ligier". Curiously enough, the ''Robotmasters'' toy's [[instructions]] ''do'' spell the name "Ligier", thus suggesting legal reasons for the alternate spelling.

A different case is the ''[[The Transformers (franchise)|Generation 1]]'' [[Constructicon (G1)|Constructicon]] [[Hook (G1)|Hook]], who was renamed into "Gren" (グレン) for Japan. "Gren" is effectively a mangled version of the English word "crane" (クレーン) which didn't originate with Takara, but has been used at least in regional Japanese dialects (mostly in the Hiroshima area) since the Meiji period. So it's basically a reference to a traditional mutation of a loanword.

=====Hasbro=====
''[[Titans Return (toyline)|Titans Return]]'' [[Doublecross#Generations|Twinferno]]'s [[Titan Master]] is named "[[Daburu (TR)|Daburu]]", a ''very'' literal romanization of the Japanese rendition of the word "double" (ダブル), after Twinferno's original Generation 1 name, "Doublecross".
{{note|[[Dairu]], [[Zauru]], CW "[[Deathsaurus (G1)|Deszaras]]", there are oodles more at this point}}
{{-}}

====Vendor mistranslation====
Sometimes mistranslations don't originate with Takara or other official parties, but with (mostly Western) online retailers and their vendors. Historically, these vendors often received solicitations of new toys via fax in the era before easy machine translation cross-checks. Depending on the quality of the fax, the legibility of the katakana spelling of the new toys' names, the Japanese and/or English skills of the vendors and their familiarity with the [[Transformers brand]], they may have just come up with very weird interpretations of the katakana spelling of the toys' names. The results can range from minor misspellings (such as "Conboy") to occasional random weirdness or complete gibberish.

Although these spellings aren't "official", they're often the first versions of these names fans read...and some of these names stick, even when the official romanization is widely available.

Examples:

*''[[Transformers: Beast Wars (Japanese toyline)#BWN|Beast Wars Neo]]'' [[Hardhead (BW)|Hardhead]] was solicited as "Birdhead"(!!)
*''[[Transformers: Alternators|Binaltech]]'' got mangled as "Vinyl Tech".
*''[[Transformers: Energon (toyline)|Superlink]]'' [[Bruticus Maximus (Energon)|Bruticus]] became "Blue Ticas", while ''[[Transformers: Generations (toyline)|Generations]]'' [[Bruticus (WFC)|Bruticus]] ended up as "Blue Thikas".
*The ''[[Transformers: Cybertron (toyline)|Galaxy Force]]'' ''[[Transformers: Armada (toyline)|Armada/Legends of the Microns]]'' redecos were particularly prone to this: [[Blurr (Cybertron)|Blurr]] alternatively ended up as "Bra" or "Buler", [[Buzzsaw (Cybertron)|Buzzsaw]] as "Bugsaw", "Bazuso" or "Puzso", [[Longrack (Cybertron)|Longrack]] as "Long Lack" and "Long Luck" (and, even weirder, "Longhowl"), and "[[Runamuck (Cybertron)|Runabout]]" was misspelled all over the place, ranging from "Runbout" to "Runa Bout" to "Ragnabout".
*''Galaxy Force'' [[Snarl (Cybertron)|Fang Wolf]] (''Cybertron'' Snarl), whose working name was "Wolfang", was rendered as "Urufang".
*''Galaxy Force'' [[Brakedown (Cybertron)|Autolander]] got rendered as "Autoautolander" (!) and "Auto Runder".
*''Galaxy Force'' [[Overhaul (Cybertron)|Ligerjack]] became "Lagerjack" (!).
*''Galaxy Force'' [[Scattorshot (Cybertron)|Backpack]] became "Bakubaku".
*''Binaltech'' [[Grimlock (G1)/toys#Alternators|Grimlock]] ended up as "Glimrock".
*''Binaltech'' [[Wheeljack (G1)/toys#Alternators|Wheeljack]] ended up as "Oiljack".
*''[[Robotmasters (franchise)|Robotmasters]]'' [[R-Blade]] got rendered as "Erle Blade".
*''Robotmasters'' [[Skywarp (G1)#Robotmasters|Skywarp]] and [[Thundercracker (G1)#Robotmasters|Thundercracker]] were listed as "Skyweb" and "Soundcracker".
*''[[Transformers: Kiss Players (toyline)|Kiss Players]]'', rendered simply "Kiss Play" in combined katakana/hiragana, came out as "Kisubre".
*2007 [[Transformers (2007 toyline)|Transformers]] [[Arcee (Movie)|Arcee]]'s Japanese version got rendered as "Earthy", whereas ''[[Transformers Animated (toyline)|Animated]]'' [[Arcee (Animated)|Arcee]] became "Archi".
*''Animated'' [[Lugnut (Animated)|Lugnut]] became "Ragknights".
*''[[Transformers United|United]]'' Wheeljack's name got mangled as "Hoilgaru" (with the "garu" half possibly being misapplied from [[Wreck-Gar (G1)|Wreck-Gar's]] name, who would be listed directly above Wheeljack in a list based on their [[List of Japanese ID numbers|Japanese ID numbers]]).
*''[[Transformers: Prime (toyline)|Prime]]'' [[Vehicon (Prime)|Vehicon]]'s toys were all listed as "Beacon".
*''[[Transformers United#UnitedEXtoyline|United EX]]'' [[Kakuryu (G1)|Grimmaster]] got rendered as "Glyme Master".
*''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 toyline)#Adventure Series|Adventure]]'' Runabout initially came out as "Ragnabout", but was quickly corrected in some places.
*''Adventure'' [[Thunderhoof (RID)|Thunderhoof]] got alternatively rendered as "Thunder Fufu" or "Thunder Hooh".
*''Adventure'' [[Vehicon (Prime)#Adventure|Ground Vehicon General]] was called "Grand Vehicon" by quite a few online stores. The reason for this is that TakaraTomy used the rather uncommon katakana spelling グランド (''gurando'') for "ground", which also happens to be the katakana spelling for "grand", instead of the more common グラウンド (''guraundo''). The name ''is'' spelled "Ground Vehicon General" in English on the toy's packaging, however.
*Coincidentally or not, ''[[Transformers Unite Warriors|Unite Warriors]]'' [[Grand Scourge#Toys|Grand Scourge]], which also uses the katakana spelling グランド for the word "grand", was listed as "Ground Scourge" in some places.
*''Adventure'' [[Bumblebee (WFC)/toys|Bumblebee Supreme Mode]] became "Bumblebee Sublime Mode".
*''Adventure'' [[Sawtooth (RID)|Sawtooth]] became "Soutosu".
*''[[Transformers Legends (franchise)|Legends]]'' [[Skullcruncher (G1)#Legends|Skull]] became "Sukaru".
*''Legends'' [[Convobat]], a portmanteau of "[[Convoy (disambiguation)|Convoy]]" and "bat", was listed as "Combo Bat" by several online retailers.
*''Legends'' [[Clouder]] became "Crowbar".
*''[[War for Cybertron: Siege|Siege]]'' [[Stakeout (G1)#Generations|Stakeout]] was initially rendered as "Stick Out", while [[Singe#War for Cybertron: Siege|Singe]] was interpreted as "Shinji".
*''Siege'' [[Ravage (G1)/toys#War for Cybertron: Siege|Ravage]] often became "Lavigge", an error that pervaded even the product descriptions of [[Soundwave (G1)/toys#War for Cybertron Trilogy|WFC-14 Soundwave]].
*''[[War for Cybertron: Earthrise|Earthrise]]'' [[Fasttrack (G1)#Generations|Fasttrack]] became "Fast Truck" on sites such as [[Amazon (website)|Amazon Japan]].
*''[[Generations Selects (toyline)|Generations Selects]]'' [[Abominus (G1)#Selects|Abominus]] was transmogrified into "Ovominus".
*''[[War for Cybertron: Kingdom|Kingdom]]'' [[Airazor (BW)|Airazor]] occasionally became "Aeraser".

==Things that are not mistranslation==
===Spelling errors===
[[File:OnlyHuman Newtronium.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Can newter your newrons.]]Mis-romanization should not be confused with honest spelling errors, as those can happen to both native and foreign speakers. For instance, the packaging for MP-01 [[The Transformers: Masterpiece|Masterpiece]] [[Optimus Prime (G1)/toys|Convoy]] reads "More than meets ''teh'' eye". This is less an example of bad translation and more an example of poor [[quality control]] on [[TakaraTomy|Takara]]'s part.

Mild misspellings frequently occur due to poor linguistic replacement, especially when multiple sounds may not be distinguished in other languages. For example, the letters c/s/z and b/v are linguistically indistinguishable in Latin American Spanish. Similarly, the English {{w|Alveolar approximant|ɹ}}, {{w|Alveolar lateral approximant|l}}, and {{w|Voiced labiodental fricative|v}} sounds do not exist in Japanese and are conflated with {{w|Alveolar lateral flap|ɺ}} and {{w|voiced bilabial plosive|b}}.

Conversely, a new spelling might be created to represent an otherwise rare sound in that language. For example, Japanese approximates an English rhotic vowel by extending the corresponding vowel sound,<ref>{{w|Rhoticity in English}} varies by dialect. The Japanese rendition of English vowels differs less from the accents of England compared to the accents of North America.</ref> resulting in "[[Zarak (G1)|Load Zarak]]". Using "ah" to facilitate the English "uh" results in ''[[Roadbuster (G1)|Roadbaster]]''. (Both cited examples can be found in the 2001 ''[[Transformers Generations (guidebook)|Transformers Generations]]'' guidebook.)

====Examples====
=====Japanese=====
*''Generation 1'' [[Metroplex (G1)|Metroplex]] is named "Metroflex" (メトロフレックス) in Japan. That minimal difference ''could'' be due to a genuine human error, though: The only spelling difference between a Japanese "P" sound and a corresponding "F" sound is an additional small circle, called a {{w|diacritic|diacritical mark}} (in this case, the difference is プ ''pu'' versus フ ''fu''). A poorly-printed paper copy or a simple case of misreading could have been all it took for such a change.
*Similarly, ''Generation 1'' [[Blot (G1)|Blot's]] Japanese name (ブット) is "Boot" pronounced to rhyme with "foot" instead of "hoot". The structure of "Butto" suggests it derives from a typo of "Burotto" (ブロット), leaving out one katakana.

=====English=====
There are also spelling errors in background lettering found in the [[The Transformers (cartoon)|Generation 1 cartoon]]: 
*In "[[Heavy Metal War]]", [[Teletraan I]]'s files on the Decepticons (with the texts lifted directly from the show's [[production bible]]) have [[Rumble (G1)|Rumble's]] name misspelled "Ru'''n'''ble". (It's possible that this was an example of poor Romanization as well; the kana for "n" is ''pronounced'' as "m" when it's followed by a b, p, or m sound, so "runble" would have been the correct spelling in directly-romanized kana.) 
*Furthermore, in "[[The Burden Hardest to Bear]]", [[Galvatron (G1)|Galvatron]] opens an airlock aboard the Decepticon flagship, which has "AIR LO'''O'''K" written on it. 
*Less certain is an instance in "[[Hoist Goes Hollywood (episode)|Hoist Goes Hollywood]]", where a chair with [[Tracks (G1)|Tracks's]] name written on it has it misspelled as "Tr'''u'''cks". This ''could'' either be an extension of the recurring joke where the [[Attack of the Alien Robots director|director]] constantly gets [[Hoist (G1)|Hoist]]'s name wrong, or a true translation error (presumably stemming from a misunderstanding on the part of Japanese animators, as the English short "a" and short "u" sounds are identical to the Japanese ear). The world may never know. 
*Likewise, [[newtronium]] from "Only Human" could have very well just been meant to be {{w|neutronium}}.

===Funny foreigners===
Occasionally, in a situation similar to, but distinct from, throwing in snippets of another language for cool factor, creators will ''intentionally'' mangle one language or the other to evoke the ''aesthetics'' of poor translation, often for the dialogue of "foreign" characters. This is obviously pretty condescending to the culture in question and generally considered in somewhat poor taste.
====Examples====
*[[Tonbot]]
*the [[Wings of Honor]] {{w|wonton font}} thing with [[Leozack]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*The {{w|Japanese writing system|Japanese written language}} at Wikipedia
*{{w|Romanization}} at Wikipedia